vote of 121 to 86. August 24 the Assembly terminated its proceedings
and the new constitution was put in operation. The first cabinet,
presided over by Joao Chagas, was announced at the beginning of
September. It was at this point that France, Spain, and a number of
other European powers for the first time recognized officially the
republic's existence. The difficulties encountered by the new
regime--royalist invasions, outbreaks of disaffection, strikes, lack
of funds--were numerous. Not the least serious was the inevitable rise
of differences among the Republicans themselves. During the autumn of
1911 the Moderates split into two rival groups, and the more important
of them, led by Dr. Almeida, definitely withdrew its support from the
Government. The result was a ministerial crisis, and November 7 the
Chagas cabinet resigned. The new "ministry of concentration" formed by
the radical Vasconcellos was composed of eight members divided almost
equally between the Moderates and the Democrats. In more recent days
the lines of party cleavage have tended to be accentuated and the (p. 643)
stability, if not the existence, of the republic to be increasingly
menaced. In June, 1912, a new ministry was constituted under Leite, in
which all of the groups in the lower chamber were represented. There
is reason to apprehend that, in the event of the survival of the
republic, the outcome will be at best but the resuscitation, under
other names and forms, of the long-endured rotativist regime.

IV. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1911

*709. Constitutional Guarantees: Amendment.*--Aside from five articles
of a temporary nature, the constitution of 1911 is arranged in
eighty-two articles, grouped in seven "titles" or divisions. The two
divisions of principal length are those which relate to the rights and
liberties of the individual and the organs and exercise of sovereign
power. The guarantees extended the individual comprise a bill of
rights hardly paralleled in comprehensiveness among the constitutions
of European nations. To Portuguese citizens and to aliens resident in
the country are pledged full liberty of conscience, freedom of speech,
freedom of the press, liberty of association, inviolability of
domicile and of property, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus,
privacy of correspondence, and freedom of employment and of trade save
only when restriction is required for the public good. Law is declared
to be uniform for all and no p