nion. See Norway.

--Women's Suffrage, movement for, 596-597.

Switzerland:--
--Act of Mediation, 407.

--_Bezirksammann_, 422.

--_Bezirksrath_, 422.

--Bonaparte, Napoleon, promulgates Act of Mediation, 407.

--_Bundesgericht_, nature and functions, 437-438.

--_Bundesrath_. See Federal Council.

--Canton, constitutions liberalized, 409;
sovereignty, 412;
federal control, 412-413;
powers exercised concurrently with Confederation, 414-415;
variation of constitutions, 416;
the _Landesgemeinde_, 417-418;
the Greater Council, 418-419;
use of referendum, 419-420;
use of initiative, 421;
the executive Council of State, 421;
local administration, 422;
the judiciary, 422.

--Centralism, triumph in 1848, 410;
as a political issue, 434.

--Clerical Party, character, 434-435.

--Commune, 422.

--Confederation, origins, 405;
composition in later eighteenth century, 406;
erected into Helvetic Republic, 406;
remodelled in 1803, 407;
reorganized in 1815, 408;
constitution of 1848 and 1874, 410;
nature, 411-412;
control of cantons by, 412;
powers vested exclusively in, 413-414;
powers denied, 414-415;
general aspects, 415.

--Constitution, of Helvetic Republic, 406-407;
remodelled in 1803, 407;
of 1815, 408;
of cantons liberalized, 409;
of 1848, 410;
revision of 1874, 410;
nature of government established by, 411-416;
amendment, 431-432.

--Council of State, executive agency in cantons, 421.

--Council of the States, composition, 427;
compared with Senate of United States, 427-428;
powers, 428-429;
procedure, 429-430.

--Courts, of the cantons, 422;
absence of administrative tribunals, 425-426;
the _Bundesgericht_, 437-438;
Civil Code, 439.

--Diet, of Confederation in 1803-1815, 407;
after 1815, 408.

--Elections, of Federal Council, 423;
of National Council, 426;
of Council of the States, 428;
party conditions, 435-437.

--Federal Assembly, relations with Federal Council, 424-425;
composition, 426;
powers, 428-429;
procedure, 429-430.

--Federal Court. See _Bundesgericht_.

--Federalism, triumph of in 1803, 407;
in 1815, 408;
survival in present constitutional system, 411;
as a political issue, 434.

--Federal Pact, 408.

--Franchise, 426.

--_Gemein