ise courts of first instance, courts of appeal,
and a supreme tribunal sitting at the capital. Judges are appointed
for life, but may be removed from office in accordance with procedure
to be established by law. The employment of the jury is optional with
the parties in civil cases but obligatory in all criminal cases of
serious import. With respect to local government the constitution goes
no further than to lay down certain general principles and to enjoin
that the actual working arrangements be regulated by subsequent
legislation. Among the principles enumerated are the immunity of the
local authorities from intervention on the part of the central
executive power, the revision of the acts of the public officials in
administrative tribunals, the fiscal independence of the local
governmental units, and, finally, the employment for local purposes of
both proportional representation and the referendum.[884]

[Footnote 884: A French translation of the
Portuguese constitution of 1911 will be found in
_Revue du Droit Public_, Oct.-Dec, 1911. Various
aspects of the revolution of 1910 and of subsequent
developments are discussed in E. J. Dillon,
Republican Portugal, in _Contemporary Review_,
Nov., 1910; R. Recouly, La republique en Portugal,
in _Revue Politique et Parlementaire_, Nov. 10,
1910; W. Archer, The Portuguese Republic, in
_Fortnightly Review_, Feb., 1911; and A. Marvaud,
Les debuts de la republique portugaise, in _Annales
des Sciences Politiques_, March-April and May-June,
1911. The subject is covered briefly in V. de B.
Cunha, Eight Centuries of Portuguese Monarchy
(London, 1911), and A. Marvaud, Le Portugal et ses
colonies; etude politique et economique (Paris,
1912).]

INDEX (p. 647)

_Abgeordnetenhaus._ See Prussia and Austria.

Administration, development in Great Britain, 176-179;
present system, 180-191;
development of Prussian system, 265-273;
in France under Old Regime, 341-342;
during Revolutionary and Napoleonic era, 342-343;
present system, 345-351;
in Italy, 383-385;
in Austria,