ed and liberalized by numerous amendments. The revision
accomplished by the Additional Act of 1852 has been mentioned. An
amendment of July 24, 1885, provided for the gradual extinction of the
right of hereditary peers to sit in the upper house and for the
representation, in the Deputies, of minorities; while three amendments
of importance during the reign of Carlos I. (1889-1908) were: (1) that
of March 28, 1895, whereby the number of deputies was reduced from 180
to 120 and the qualifications requisite for the exercise of the
suffrage were overhauled; (2) that of September 25 of the same year
whereby the elective portion of the House of Peers was abolished; and
(3) that of August 8, 1901, by which the conditions of election to the
House of Deputies were revised. In its final form the constitution was
an instrument of unusual length, comprising eight "titles" and 145
articles, some of which were very comprehensive.[875]

[Footnote 875: The text of the constitution was
published by the state under the title of Carta
Constitucional da Monarchia Portugueza ... e
Diplomas Correlativos (Lisbon, 1890). An annotated
translation is in Dodd, Modern Constitutions, II.,
145-179. An excellent treatise is J. J. Tavares de
Medeiros, Das Staatsrecht des Koenigsreichs Portugal
(Freiburg, 1892), in Marquardsen's Handbuch.
Important Portuguese works include L. P. Coimbre,
Estudios sobre a Carta Constitucional de 1814 e
Acto Addicional de 1852 (Lisbon, 1878-1880), and
Coelho da Rocha, Ensaio sobre a Historia do Governo
e da Legislacao de Portugal.]

*702. The Crown and the Ministry.*--Provision was made for the exercise
of four distinct categories of powers, i.e., executive, moderative,
legislative, and judicial. Of these the first two were lodged in the
sovereign, the third in the sovereign and Cortes conjointly, and the
fourth in tribunals established under provision of the constitution.
The crown was vested permanently in the descendants of Dona Maria II.,
of the House of Braganza, and, in default thereof, in the nearest
collateral line. The succession was regulated on the principle of
primogeniture, with preference to the male line, and during a
sovereign's minority the regency devolved upo