d be more responsive to its demands seems wide and, on
the whole, not unpromising.[864]

[Footnote 864: On political parties in Spain two
older works are A. Borrego, Organizacion de los
Partidos (Madrid, 1855) and El Partido Conservador
(Madrid, 1857). Two valuable books are E. Rodriguez
Solis, Historia del partido republicano espanol
(Madrid, 1893) and B. M. Andrade y Uribe, Maura und
di Konservativen Partei in Spanien (Karlsruhe,
1912). The subject is sketched excellently to 1898
in Clarke, Modern Spain, Chaps. 14-16. In the
domain of periodical literature may be mentioned A.
Marvaud, Les elections espagnoles de mai 1907, in
_Annales des Sciences Politiques_, July, 1907; C.
David, Les elections espagnoles, in _Questions
Diplomatiques et Coloniales_, May 16, 1907; A.
Marvaud, Un aspect nouveau du Catalanisme, ibid.,
June 16, 1907; La situation politique et financiere
de l'Espagne, ibid., Dec. 16, 1908; La rentree des
Cortes et la situation en Espagne, ibid., June 16,
1910. A well-informed sketch is L. G. Guijarro,
Spain since 1898, in _Yale Review_, May, 1909.]

VII. THE JUDICIARY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (p. 626)

*692. Law and Justice.*--The law of Spain is founded upon the Roman law,
the Gothic common law, and, more immediately, the Leyes de Toro, a
national code promulgated by the Cortes of Toro in 1501. By the
constitution it is stipulated that the same codes shall be in
operation throughout all portions of the realm and that in these codes
shall be maintained but one system of law, to be applied in all
ordinary civil and criminal cases in which Spanish subjects shall be
involved. The civil code which is at present in operation was put in
effect throughout the entire kingdom May 1, 1889. The penal code dates
from 1870, but was amended in 1877. The code of civil procedure was
put in operation April 1, 1881, and that of criminal procedure, June
22, 1882. A new commercial code took effect August 22, 1885.

"The power of applying the laws in civil and criminal cases," says the
constitution, "shall belong exclusively t