d _he is smitten_.

3. Of the double forms, _sung_ and _sang_, _drank_ and _drunk_, &c., one
only will be the permanent.

As stated above, these tendencies are but a few out of many, and have been
adduced in order to indicate the subject rather than to exhaust it.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS.

1. Classify the Celtic elements of the English language.

2. Enumerate the chief periods during which words from the Latin were
introduced into English, and classify the Latin elements accordingly.

3. What words were introduced _directly_ by the Danes, Scandinavians,
or Norsemen? What _indirectly_? Through what language did these latter
come?

4. Give the dates of the Battle of Hastings, and of the reigns of Louis
Outremer, Ethelred II, and Edward the Confessor. What was the amount of
Norman-French elements in England anterior to the Conquest?

5. Give the languages from whence the following words were introduced
into the English--_flannel_, _jerked_ (as to _beef_), _hammock_,
_apparatus_, _waltz_, _Seraph_, _plaid_, _street_, _muslin_.

6. Distinguish between the _direct_, _indirect_, and _ultimate_ origin
of introduced words. What words have we in English which are supposed
to have _originated_ in the Ancient Aegyptian, the Syrian, and the
languages of Asia Minor?

7. Under what different forms do the following words appear in
English--_monasterium_, [Greek: presbuteros], [Greek: episkopos].
Account for these differences. _Syrup_, _shrub_, and _sherbet_, all
originate from the same word. Explain the present difference.

8. Give the _direct_ origin (i.e., the languages from which they were
_immediately_ introduced) of--_Druid_, _epistle_, _chivalry_, _cyder_,
_maeander_. Give the _indirect_ origin of the same.

9. Investigate the process by which a word like _sparrow-grass_,
apparently of _English_ origin, is, in reality, derived from the Latin
word _asparagus_. Point out the incorrectness in the words
_frontispiece_, _colleague_, and _lanthorn_.

10. To what extent may _Norse_, and to what extent may _Celtic_ words,
not found in the current language of English, be found in the
provincial dialects?

11. What were the original names of the towns _Whitby_ and _Derby_?
From what language are the present names derived? Give the reason for
your answer.

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