series P.
7. _Zayn_ ----
8. _Kheth_ of series K.
9. _Teth_ of series T.

In this second sequence the _relative_ positions of v, kh, and t', are the
same in respect to each other, and the same in respect to the vowel series.
The sequence itself is broken by the letter _zayn_ but it is remarkable
that the principle of the sequence is the same. Series P follows the vowel
and series T is farthest from it. After this the system becomes but
fragmentary. Still, even now, _pe_, of series P, follows _ayn_; _tau_, of
series T, is farthest from it, and _kof_, of series K, is intermediate.

If this be the case, and, if the letters, so to say, _circulate_, the
alterations made in their order during the transfer of their alphabet from
Greece to Rome, have had the unsatisfactory effect of concealing an
interesting arrangement, and of converting a real, though somewhat complex
regularity, into apparent hazard and disorder.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS.

1. Explain the terms _sharp_, _explosive_, _true aspirate_, _apparent
aspirate_, _broad_, _dependent_.

2. Exhibit the difference between the quantity of _syllables_ and the
quantity of _vowels_.

3. Accentuate the following words,--_attribute_ (_adjective_), _survey_
(_verb_), _August_ (_the month_).

4. Under what conditions is the _sound_ of consonants doubled?

5. Exhibit, in a tabular form, the relations of the a) mutes, b) the
vowels, underlining those which do not occur in English.

6. What is the power of ph in _Philip_? what in _haphazard_? Illustrate
the difference fully.

7. Investigate the changes by which the words _picture_, _nature_,
derived from the Latin _pictura_ and _natura_, are _sounded pictshur_
and _natshur_.

8. How do you sound the combination apd? Why?

9. In what points is the English alphabet _insufficient_, _redundant_,
and _inconsistent_?

10. Why is z (_zaeta_), which is the sixth letter in the Greek, the
last in the English alphabet?

* * * * *

PART IV.

ETYMOLOGY.

* * * * *

CHAPTER I.

ON THE PROVINCE OF ETYMOLOGY.

s. 176. The word etymology, derived from the Greek, in the current language
of scholars and grammarians, has a double meaning. At times it is used in a
wide, and at times in a restricted sense.

If in the English language we t