oo in _book_.

For these sounds we have the following sequences: a in _fate_, _['e]
ferm['e]_, ee in _feet_, ue in _uebel_ (German), oo in _book_, _o chiuso_,
o in _note_. And this is the true order of alliance among the vowels; a in
_fate_, and o in _note_, being the extremes; the other sounds being
transitional or intermediate. As the English orthography is at once
singular and faulty, it exhibits the relationship but imperfectly.

s. 114. _The system of the mutes._--Preliminary to the consideration of the
system of the mutes, let it be observed:--

1. that the th in _thin_ is a simple single sound, different from the
th in _thine_, and that it may be expressed by the sign th.

2. That the th in _thine_ is a simple single sound, different from the
th in _thin_, and that it may be expressed by the sign dh.

3. That the sh in _shine_ is a simple single sound, and that it may be
expressed by the sign [sigma][42] (Greek [Greek: sigma]).

4. That the z in _azure_, _glazier_ (French j) is a simple single
sound, and that it may be expressed by the sign [zeta][42] (Greek
[Greek: zeta]).

5. That in the Laplandic, and possibly in many other languages, there
are two peculiar sounds, different from any in English, German, and
French, &c., and that they may respectively be expressed by the sign
[kappa] and the sign [gamma][42] (Greek [Greek: kappa] and [Greek:
gamma]).

s. 115. With these preliminary notices we may exhibit the system of the
sixteen mutes; having previously determined the meaning of two fresh terms,
and bearing in mind what was said concerning the words _sharp_ and _flat_,
_continuous_ and _explosive_.

_Lene and aspirate._--From the sound of p in _pat_, the sound of f in _fat_
differs in a certain degree. This difference is not owing to a difference
in their sharpness or flatness. Each is sharp. Neither is it owing to a
difference in their continuity or explosiveness; although f is continuous,
whilst p is explosive. This we may ascertain by considering the position of
s. The sound of s is _continuous_; yet s, in respect to the difference
under consideration, is classed not with f the continuous sound but with p
the explosive one. This difference, which has yet to be properly
elucidated, is expressed by a particular term; and p is called _lene_, f is
called _aspirate_.

As f is to p so is v to b.
As v is to b so is th to t.
As th is to t so