is dh to d.
As dh is to d so is [kappa] to k.
As [kappa] is to k so is [gamma] to g.
As [gamma] is to g so is [sigma] to s.
As [sigma] is to s so is [zeta] to z.

Hence p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, are _lene_; f, v, th, dh, [kappa], [gamma],
[sigma], [zeta], are _aspirate_. Also p, f, t, th, k, [kappa], s, [sigma],
are _sharp_, whilst b, v, d, dh, g, [gamma], z, [zeta], are _flat_; so that
there is a double series of relationship capable of being expressed as
follows:--

_Lene._ _Aspirate._ | _Sharp._ _Flat._
Sharp. Flat. Sharp. Flat. | Lene. Aspirate. Lene. Aspirate.
p b f v | p f b v
t d th dh | t th d dh
k g [kappa] [gamma] | k [kappa] g [gamma]
s z [sigma] [zeta] | s [sigma] z [zeta]

All the so-called aspirates are continuous; and, with the exception of s
and z, all the lenes are explosive.

s. 116. I believe that in the fact of each mute appearing in a four-fold
form (i.e., sharp, or flat, lene, or aspirate), lies the essential
character of the mutes as opposed to the liquids.

s. 117. Y and w.--These sounds, respectively intermediate to [gamma] and i
(the ee in _feet_), and to v and u (oo in _book_), form a transition from
the vowels to the consonants.

s. 118. The French word _roi_, and the English words _oil_, _house_, are
specimens of a fresh class of articulations; viz., of _compound vowel_
sounds or diphthongs. The diphthong oi is the vowel o + the semivowel y.
The diphthongal sound in _roi_ is the vowel o + the semivowel w. In _roi_
the semivowel element precedes, in _oil_ it follows.

s. 119. The words quoted indicate the nature of the diphthongal system.

1. Diphthongs with the semivowel w, a) _preceding_, as in the French word
_roi_, b) _following_, as in the English word _new_.

2. Diphthongs with the semivowel y, a) _preceding_, as is common in the
languages of the Lithuanic and Slavonic stocks, b) _following_, as in the
word _oil_.

3. Triphthongs with a semivowel both _preceding_ and _following_.

The diphthongs in English are four; ow as in _house_, ew as in _new_, oi as
in _oil_, i as in _bite_, _fight_.

s. 120. _Chest_, _jest_.--Here we have _compound consonantal_ sounds. The
ch in _chest_ = t + sh; the j in _jest_ = d + zh. I believe that in these
combinations one or both the elements, viz., t and sh,