from animate
things to animate, as, "the driver of the caerulean ship spoke" instead
of the sailor, and "he went to Agamemnon the son of Atreus, the shepherd
of the people" instead of king. Some are applied from animate to
inanimate, as (I. ii. 824):--

Under the extreme foot of Ida,--

that is, the rising ground. Also (I. ix. 141):--

The breast of the field,--

that is, the fertility. Others, on the contrary, from inanimate to
animate, as (I. xxiv. 205):--

The iron breast.

From inanimate to animate, as (O. v. 490):--

Preserving the seed of fire,--

instead of the generating origin. Then he has metaphors of verbs as well
as substantives (I. xvii. 265):--

As the shores bellow with the smiting salt and gale,--

instead of "resound."

Another Trope which is called Metalepsis, signifying a different thing
by a synonym (O. xv. 299):--

I beached the ship in the sharp islands,--

for he wishes to signify islands properly called jagged. Both words in
Greek are synonyms. For in Greek sharp not only signifies swiftness of
motion, but also in a figure that which rises into a slender shape. Such
is the quotation (O. ix. 327):--

accompanied him and sharpened my pace.

Another Trope is named Synecdoche, called from this reason; that from
what is properly meant, another of the like kind is understood. This
Trope has also many varieties. For either we perceive the part from the
whole, as (I. xii. 137):--

They advanced straight to the walls the burning bulls,--

for he wishes to indicate by the appellation "bulls" the leather out
of which shields are wont to be made. Or from a part the whole (O. i.
343):--

I long for such a head,--

for from the head he signifies the man. And when for beautiful he
says "endowed with beautiful cheeks," and for well armed he says "well
greaved." Or from one the many, as when he speaks of Odysseus (O. i.
2):--

When he wasted the sacred citadel of Troy.

Not he by himself took Troy, but along with the rest of the Greeks. From
the many one, as (I. iii. 397), "happy breasts," i.e. breast. From the
species the genus, as (I. xii. 380):--

Casting on the hard marble,--

for marble is a species of rock. From the genus the species (O. ii.
159).--

To know the birds and to say many fitting things.

He wishes to say not all birds, but only the birds of auspices. From the
instruments the action, as (I. ii. 827):-