military
retrogression), and, from the Vedic point of view, as late as the end
of the Brahmanic period, in the time of the Upanishads, the northwest
seems still to have been familiarly known.[24]

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: We take this opportunity of stating that by the
religions of the Aryan Hindus we mean the religions of a
people who, undoubtedly, were full-blooded Aryans at first,
however much their blood may have been diluted later by
un-Aryan admixture. Till the time of Buddhism the religious
literature is fairly Aryan. In the period of "Hinduism"
neither people nor religion can claim to be quite Aryan.]

[Footnote 2: If, as thinks Schrader, the Aryans' original
seat was on the Volga, then one must imagine the
Indo-Iranians to have kept together in a south-eastern
emigration.]

[Footnote 3: That is to say, frequent reference is made to
'five tribes.' Some scholars deny that the tribes are Aryan
alone, and claim that 'five,' like seven, means 'many.']

[Footnote 4: RV. III. 33. 11; 53. 12. Zimmer, _Altindisches
Leben_, p. 160, incorrectly identifies _vic_ with tribus
(Leist, _Rechtsgeschichte_, p. 105).]

[Footnote 5: Vicv[=a]mitra. A few of the hymns are not
ascribed to priests at all (some were made by women; some by
'royal-seers,' _i.e._ kings, or, at least, not priests).]

[Footnote 6: Caste, at first, means 'pure,' and signifies
that there is a moral barrier between the caste and outcast.
The word now practically means class, even impure class. The
native word means 'color,' and the first formal distinction
was national, (white) Aryan and 'black-man.' The precedent
class-distinctions among the Aryans themselves became fixed
in course of time, and the lines between Aryans, in some
regards, were drawn almost as sharply as between Aryan and
slave.]

[Footnote 7: Compare RV. iii. 33, and in I. 131. 5, the
words: 'God Indra, thou didst help thy suppliants; one river
after another they gained who pursued glory.']

[Footnote 8: Thomas, _Rivers of the Vedas_ (JRAS. xv. 357
ff.; Zimmer, loc. cit. cap. 1).]

[Footnote 9: Later called the Candrabh[=a]ga. For the Jumna
and Sarayu see below.]

[Footnote 10: This is the error into which falls Brunnhofer,
whose theory that