the Vedic Aryans were still settled near
the Caspian has been criticised above (p. 15).]

[Footnote 11: Compare Geiger, _Ostiranische Cultur_, p. 81.
See also Muir, OST. ii. p. 355.]

[Footnote 12: Lassen, I. p. 616, decided in favor of the
western passes of the Hindukush.]

[Footnote 13: From Kandahar in Afghanistan to a point a
little west of Lahore. In the former district, according to
the Avesta, the dead are buried (an early Indian custom, not
Iranian).]

[Footnote 14: Geiger identifies the Vita[=g]uhaiti or
Vitanghvati with the Oxus, but this is improbable. It lies
in the extreme east and forms the boundary between the true
believers and the 'demon-worshippers' (Yasht, 5, 77; Geiger,
_loc. cit._ p. 131, note 5). The Persian name is the same
with Vitast[=a], which is located in the Punj[=a]b.]

[Footnote 15: On the Kurus compare Zimmer (loc. cit.), who
thinks Kashmeer is meant, and Geiger, loc. cit. p. 39. Other
geographical reminiscences may lie in Vedic and Brahmanic
allusions to Bactria, Balkh (AV.); to the Derbiker (around
Meru? RV.), and to Manu's mountain, whence he descended
after the flood (Naubandhana): _Catapatha Br[=a]hmana_, I.
8. 1, 6, 'Manu's descent'.]

[Footnote 16: _Arch. Survey_, xiv. p. 89; Thomas, loc. cit.
p. 363.]

[Footnote 17: RV. x. 136. 5.]

[Footnote 18: RV. iii. 33. 2.]

[Footnote 19: RV. vii. 95. 2. Here the Sarasvat[=i] can be
only the Indus.]

[Footnote 20: Pa[=n]ca-nada, Punjnud, Persian 'Punj[=a]b,'
the five streams, Vitas[=a], Asikn[=i], Ir[=a]vat[=i],
Vip[=a]c, Cutudr[=i]. The Punjnud point is slowly moving up
stream; Vyse, JRAS. x. 323. The Sarayu may be the
Her[=i]r[=u]d, Geiger, loc. cit. p. 72.]

[Footnote 21: Muir, OST. ii. 351; Zimmer, loc. cit. p. 51
identifies the _K[=i]katas_ of RV. iii. 53. 14 with the
inhabitants of Northern Beh[=a]r. Marusthala is called
simply 'the desert.']

[Footnote 22: The earlier _ayas_, Latin _aes_, means bronze
not iron, as Zimmer has shown, loc. cit. p. 51. Pischel,
_Vedische Studien_, I, shows that elephants are mentioned
more often than was supposed (but rarely in family-books).]

[Footnote 23: Weber, _Indische Studien,_ I. p. 228;
Oldenberg, _Buddha_, pp. 399 ff., 410.]

[Footnote 24: Very lately (1893)