a, corresponding to Peshawar
and the valley of the Kabul river, Urasa or Hazara, where the name is
still preserved in the Orash plain, Taxila, which may have corresponded
roughly to the present districts of Rawalpindi and Attock with a small
part of Hazara, Abhisara or the low hills of Jammu, Kashmir, and
Trigartta, with its capital Jalandhara, which occupied most of the
Jalandhar division north of the Sutlej and the states of Chamba, Suket,
and Mandi. The historians of Alexander's campaigns introduce us also to
the kingdoms of the elder Poros on both banks of the Jhelam, of the
younger Poros east of the Chenab, and of Sophytes (Saubhuti) in the
neighbourhood of the Salt Range. We meet also with tribal confederacies,
such as in Alexander's time those of the Kathaioi on the upper, and of
the Malloi on the lower, Ravi.

~Invasion by Alexander, 327-325 B.C.~--The great Persian king, Darius, in
512 B.C. pushed out the boundary of his empire to the Indus, then
running in a more easternly course than to-day[4]. The army with which
Xerxes invaded Greece included a contingent of Indian bowmen[5]. When
Alexander overthrew the Persian Empire and started on the conquest of
India, the Indus was the boundary of the former. His remarkable campaign
lasted from April, 327 B.C., when he led an army of 50,000 or 60,000
Europeans across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul valley, to October, 325,
when he started from Sindh on his march to Persia through Makran. Having
cleared his left flank by a campaign in the hills of Buner and Swat, he
crossed the Indus sixteen miles above Attock near Torbela. The King of
Taxila, whose capital was near the Margalla pass on the north border of
the present Rawalpindi district, had prudently submitted as soon as the
Macedonian army appeared in the Kabul valley. From the Indus Alexander
marched to Taxila, and thence to the Jhelam (Hydaspes), forming a camp
near the site now occupied by the town of that name in the country of
Poros. The great army of the Indian king was drawn up to dispute the
passage probably not very far from the eastern end of the present
railway bridge. Favoured by night and a monsoon rain-storm--it was the
month of July, 326 B.C.--Alexander succeeded in crossing some miles
higher up into the Karri plain under the low hills of Gujrat. Here,
somewhere near the line now occupied by the upper Jhelam Canal, the
Greek soldiers gave the first example of a feat often repeated since,
the rout of a la