the Sun-worshippers,
was occupied, and part at least of the Indus valley submitted to the
youthful conqueror. He and his successors in Sindh were tolerant rulers.
No attempt was made to occupy the Central Panjab, and when the Turkish
Sultan, Sabaktagin, made his first raid into India in 986-7 A.D., his
opponent was a powerful raja named Jaipal, who ruled over a wide
territory extending from the Hakra to the frontier hills on the
north-west. His capital was at Bhatinda. Just about the time when the
rulers of Ghazni were laying the train which ended at Delhi and made it
the seat of a great Muhammadan Empire, that town was being founded in
993-4 A.D. by the Tunwar Rajputs, who then held sway in that
neighbourhood.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 4: See Sykes' _History of Persia_, pp. 179-180; also Herodotos
III. 94 and 98 and IV. 44.]

[Footnote 5: "The Indians clad with garments made of cotton had bows of
cane and arrows of cane tipped with iron."--Herodotos VII. 65.]

CHAPTER XVIII

HISTORY (_continued_). THE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD, 1000-1764 A.D.

~The Ghaznevide Raids.~--In the tenth century the Turks were the
janissaries of the Abbaside Caliphs of Baghdad, and ambitious soldiers
of that race began to carve out kingdoms. One Alptagin set up for
himself at Ghazni, and was succeeded in 976 A.D. by his slave
Sabaktagin, who began the long series of Indian raids which stained with
blood the annals of the next half-century. His son, Mahmud of Ghazni, a
ruthless zealot and robber abroad, a patron of learning and literature
at home, added the Panjab to his dominions. In the first 26 years of the
eleventh century he made seventeen marauding excursions into India. In
the first his father's opponent, Jaipal, was beaten in a vain effort to
save Peshawar. Ten years later his successor, Anandpal, at the head of a
great army, again met the Turks in the Khaibar. The valour of the
Ghakkars had practically won the day, when Anandpal's elephant took
fright, and this accident turned victory into rout. In one or other of
the raids Multan and Lahore were occupied, and the temples of Kangra
(Nagarkot) and Thanesar plundered. In 1018 the Turkish army marched as
far east as Kanauj. The one permanent result of all these devastations
was the occupation of the Panjab. The Turks made Lahore the capital.

~Decline of Buddhism.~--The iconoclastic raids of Mahmud probably gave the
_coup de grace_ to Buddhism. Its golden age may be put at from 250