on land. And, it was
explained that a defeat on land meant not only the defeat of the German
army but the defeat of the ammunition interests.

From April to December, 1916, was also the period of pamphleteering.
Every one who could write a pamphlet, or could publish one, did so.
The censorship had prohibited so many people and so many organisations
from expressing their views publicly that they chose this method of
circulating their ideas privately. The pamphlets could be printed
secretly and distributed through the mails so as to avoid both the
censors and the Government. So every one in Germany began to receive
documents and pamphlets about all the ails and complaints within
Germany. About the only people who did not do this were the
Socialists. The "Alt-Deutsch Verband," which was an organisation of
the great industrial leaders of Germany, had been bitterly attacked by
the Berlin _Tageblatt_ but when the directors wanted to publish their
reply the censors prohibited it. So, the Alt-Deutsch Verband issued a
pamphlet and sent it broadcast throughout Germany. In the meantime the
Chancellor and the Government realised that unless something was done
to combat these secret forces which were undermining the Government's
influence, that there would be an eruption in Germany which might
produce serious results.

Throughout this time the Socialist party was having troubles of its
own. Liebknecht was in prison but there was a little group of radicals
who had not forgotten it. They wanted the Socialist party as a whole
to do something to free Liebknecht. The party had been split before
the advance of last summer so efforts were made to unite the two
factions. At a well attended conference in the Reichstag building they
agreed to forget old differences and join forces in support of the
Government until winter, when it was hoped peace could be made.

The Socialist party at various times during the war has had a difficult
time in agreeing on government measures. While the Socialists voted
unanimously for war credits at the beginning, a year afterward many of
them had changed their minds and had begun to wonder whether, after
all, they had not made a mistake. This was the issue which brought
about the first split in the Socialists' ranks. When it came time in
1916 to vote further credits to the Government the Socialists held a
caucus. After three days of bitter wrangling the ranks split. One
group headed by Schei