ent the German battle fleet was not without influence in the
victory for the defender of Constantinople. That is 'distance effect.'"

On page 187 Hollweg declares: "England not only does not make money
to-day by war but she is losing. The universal military service which
she was forced to introduce in order to hold the other Allies by the
tongue draws from her industry and thereby her commerce, 3,500,000
workmen. Coal exportation has decreased. During the eleven months
from January to November, 1916, 4,500,000 tons less coal was exported
than in 1915. In order to produce enough coal for England herself the
nation was compelled by the munitions obligation law to put miners to
work."

On page 223 the author declares:

"That is, therefore, the great and important role which the submarines
in this war are playing. They are serving also to pave the way in the
future for the 'freedom of the seas.'"

He adds that the submarines will cut the thread which holds the English
Damocles' sword over weak sea powers and that for eternity the
"gruesome hands" of English despotism will be driven from the seas.

[Illustration: CHART SHOWING TONNAGE OF SHIPS SUNK BY GERMAN SUBMARINES
FROM REAR ADMIRAL HOLLWEG'S BOOK]

Germany's submarine warfare which was introduced in February, 1915,
began by sinking less than 50,000 tons of ships per month. By
November, 1915, the amount of tonnage destroyed per month was close to
200,000 tons. By January, 1916, the tonnage of ships destroyed by
submarines had fallen to under 100,000 tons. In April, 1916, as Grand
Admiral von Tirpitz' followers made one more effort to make the
submarine warfare successful, nearly 275,000 tons were being destroyed
a month. But after the sinking of the _Sussex_ and the growing
possibilities of war with the United States the submarine warfare was
again held back and in July less than 125,000 tons of shipping were
destroyed.

At this time, however, the submarine campaign itself underwent a
change. Previously most of the ships destroyed were sunk off the coast
of England, France or in the Mediterranean. During the year and a half
of the submarine campaign the Allies' method of catching and destroying
submarines became so effective it was too costly to maintain submarine
warfare in belligerent waters. The German Navy had tried all kinds of
schemes but none was very successful. After the sinking of the
_Ancona_ the Admiralty planned for two submarines