poli greatly
facilitates the cleaning.

[Footnote 7: Made by the Empire Implement Co., Albany, N. Y.]

WOOD HAND TOOLS.--_Continued._

REFERENCES:[*]

(4) Scraping Tools.
Barnard, pp. 136-142.
Wheeler, pp. 465, 473.
Griffith, pp. 71-75.
Selden, pp. 149, 177, 182.
Hodgson, I, pp. 61-74.

(5) Pounding Tools.
Barnard, pp. 24-47.
Sickels, p. 70.
Wheeler, pp. 414, 428-432.
Selden, pp. 31, 111, 156.
Goss, p. 60.
Barter, p. 128.

(6) Punching Tools.
Barnard, p. 29.
Wheeler, p. 433.
Selden, p. 161.

(7) Gripping Tools.
For holding work:
Goss, p. 63.
Wheeler, pp. 65-75, 475.
Selden, pp. 140, 147, 186, 194.
Hammacher, pp. 286-291.

For holding other tools:
Goss, pp. 56-59.
Selden, p. 143.

(8) Measuring and Marking Tools.
Goss, pp. 9-20.
Griffith, pp. 9-19.
Hodgson, _The Steel Square_.
Wheeler, p. 465.
Tate, pp. 21-25.
_Building Trades Pocketbook_, pp. 234-237.
Selden, pp. 149, 150-152, 175.
Sargent's _Steel Squares_.

(9) Sharpening Tools.
Barnard, pp. 136-142.
Sickels, pp. 80-85.
Wheeler, pp. 480-488.
Selden, pp. 153, 162, 172, 180.
Goss, pp. 39, 64-69.

[Footnote *: For general bibliography see p. 4.]

CHAPTER V.

WOOD FASTENINGS.

The following are the chief means by which pieces of wood are fastened
together: nails, screws, bolts, plates, dowels, glue, hinges, and
locks.

NAILS

_Nails_, Fig. 226, may be classified according to the material of
which they are made; as, steel, iron, copper, and brass. Iron nails
may be galvanized to protect them from rust. Copper and brass nails
are used where they are subject to much danger of corrosion, as in
boats.

Nails may also be classified according to the process of manufacture;
as, cut nails, wrought nails, and wire nails. Cut nails are cut from
a plate of metal in such a way that the width of the nail is equal to
the thickness of the plate, and the length of the nail to the width of
the plate. In the third dimension, the nail is wedge-shaped, thin at
the point and thick at the head. Unless properly driven, such nails
are likely to split the wood, but if properly driven they are very
firm. In driving, the wedge should spread with and not across the
grain.

[Illustration: Fig. 226. a. Cut nail, common. b. Flat-head