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II. COMPOUNDS.

158. 1. Compounds are formed by the union of simple words. The second
member usually contains the _essential meaning_ of the compound; the first
member expresses _some modification_ of this.

2. Vowel changes often occur in the process of composition. Thus:--

a. In the second member of compounds. (See Sec. 7, 1.)

b. The final vowel of the stem of the first member of the compound often
appears as i where we should expect o or a; sometimes it is dropped
altogether, and in case of consonant stems i is often inserted; as,--

signifer, _standard-bearer_;

tubicen, _trumpeter_;

magnanimus, _high-minded_;

matricida, _matricide_.

159. EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS.

1. Nouns:--

a) Preposition + Noun; as,--

de-decus, _disgrace_;

pro-avus, _great-grandfather_.

b) Noun + Verb Stem; as,--

agri-cola, _farmer_;

fratri-cida, _fratricide_.

2. Adjectives:--

a) Preposition + Adjective (or Noun); as,--

per-magnus, _very great_;

sub-obscurus, _rather obscure_;

a-mens, _frantic_.

b) Adjective + Noun; as,--

magn-animus, _great-hearted_;

celeri-pes, _swift-footed_.

c) Noun + Verb Stem; as,--

parti-ceps, _sharing_;

morti-fer, _death-dealing_.

3. Verbs:--

The second member is always a verb. The first may be--

a) A Noun; as,--

aedi-fico, _build_.

b) An Adjective; as,--

ampli-fico, _enlarge_.

c) An Adverb; as,--

male-dico, _rail at_.

d) Another Verb; as,--

cale-facio, _make warm_.

e) A Preposition; as,--

ab-jungo, _detach_;

re-fero, _bring back_;

dis-cerno, _distinguish_;

ex-specto, _await_.

NOTE.--Here belong the so-called INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS:

ambi- (amb-), _around_;

dis- (dir-, di-), _apart_, _asunder_;

por-, _forward_;

red- (re-), _back_;

sed- (se-), _apart from_;

ve-, _without_.

4. Adverbs:--

These are of various types; as,--

antea, _before_;

ilico (in loco), _on the spot_;

imprimis, _especially_;

obviam, _in the way_.

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PART V.

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SYNTAX.

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160. Syntax treats of the use of words in sentences

CHAPTER I.--_Sentences._

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES.

161. Sentences may be classified as