4. Note the use of quam ut (sometimes quam alone) to denote Result after
comparatives; as,--

urbs erat munitior quam ut primo impetu capi posset, _the city was too
strongly fortified to be taken at the first attack_ (lit. _more
strongly fortified than [so] that it could be taken, etc._).

Causal Clauses.

285. Causal clauses are introduced chiefly by the following particles:--

1. Quod, quia, quoniam.
2. Cum.
3. Quando.

286. The use of moods is as follows:--

1. Quod, quia, quoniam take the Indicative when the reason is _that of the
writer or speaker;_ they take the Subjunctive when the reason is viewed _as
that of another._ Thus:--

Parthos timeo quod diffido copiis nostris, _I fear the Parthians,
because I distrust our troops_.

Themistocles, quia non tutus erat, Corcyram demigravit, _Themistocles,
since he was not safe, moved to Corcyra_.

neque me vixisse paenitet, quoniam bene vixi, _I do not regret having
lived, since I have lived well_.

Socrates accusatus est quod corrumperet juventutem, _Socrates was
arraigned on the ground that he was corrupting the young_. (Here the
reason is not that of the writer but of the accuser. Hence the
Subjunctive.)

Haedui Caesari gratias egerunt quod se periculo liberavisset, _the
Haedui thanked Caesar because he had delivered them from danger_. (The
reason of the Haedui.)

quoniam Miltiades dicere non posset, verba pro eo fecit Tisagoras,
_since Miltiades could not speak, Tisagoras spoke for him_. (The reason
of Tisagoras.)

noctu ambulabat Themistocles, quod somnum capere non posset,
_Themistocles used to walk at night because (as he said) he couldn't
sleep_.

a. Verbs of _thinking_ and _saying_ often stand in the Subjunctive in
causal clauses as though the act of thinking or saying, and not the
contents of the thought or language, constituted the reason. Thus:--

Bellovaci suum numerum non compleverunt quod se suo nomine cum Romanis
bellum gesturos dicerent, _the Bellovaci did not furnish their
complement, because they said they were going to wage war with the
Romans on their own account_.

b. Non quod, non quo (by attraction for non eo quod), non quia, _not
that_, _not because_; and non quod non, non quo non, non quin, _not that
... not_; _not because ... not_; _not but that_, are usually employed
merely to introduce a hypothetical