spicabatur (id quod nunc sentiet) satis multos testes nobis
reliquos esse, _he did not suspect (a thing which he will now perceive)
that we had witnesses enough left_.

Yet quod alone, without preceding id, sometimes occurs in this use.

2. Is also in all cases serves as the personal pronoun of the third person,
'_he_,' '_she_,' '_it_,' '_they_,' '_them_.'

3. When the English uses '_that of_,' '_those of_,' to avoid repetition of
the noun, the Latin omits the pronoun: as,--

in exercitu Sullae et postea in Crassi fuerat, _he had been in the army
of Sulla and afterward in that of Crassus_;

nullae me fabulae delectant nisi Plauti, _no plays delight me except
those of Plautus_.

4. Note the phrases et is, et ea, etc., in the sense: _and that too_; as,--

vincula, et ea sempiterna, _imprisonment, and that too permanently_.

Idem.

248. 1. Idem in apposition with the subject or object often has the force
of _also_, _likewise_; as,--

quod idem mihi contigit, _which likewise happened to me_ (lit. _which,
the same thing_);

bonus vir, quem eundem sapientem appellamus, _a good man, whom we call
also wise_.

For idem atque (ac), _the same as_, see Sec. 341, 1. c.

Ipse.

249. 1. Ipse, literally _self_, acquires its special force from the
context; as,--

eo ipso die, _on that very day_;

ad ipsam ripam, _close to the bank_;

ipso terrore, _by mere fright_;

valvae se ipsae aperuerunt, _the doors opened of their own accord_;

ipse aderat, _he was present in person_.

2. The reflexive pronouns are often emphasized by the addition of ipse, but
ipse in such cases, instead of standing in apposition with the reflexive,
more commonly agrees with the subject; as,--

secum ipsi loquuntur, _they talk with themselves_;

se ipse continere non potest, _he cannot contain himself_

3. Ipse is also used as an Indirect Reflexive for the purpose of _marking a
contrast or avoiding an ambiguity_; as,--

Persae pertimuerunt ne Alcibiades ab ipsis descisceret et cum suis in
gratiam rediret, _the Persians feared that Alcibiades would break with
them and become reconciled with his countrymen_;

ea molestissime ferre debent homines quae ipsorum culpa contracta sunt,
_men ought to chafe most over those things which have been brought
about by their own fault_ (as opposed to the fault of others).

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

250. Agr