inate Clauses.

2. Interjections express emotion. Thus:--

1. Surprise; as, en, ecce, o.
2. Joy; as, io, euoe.
3. Sorrow and Pain; as, heu, eheu, vae, pro.
4. Calling; as, heus, eho.

* * * * *

PART IV.

* * * * *

WORD-FORMATION.

* * * * *

I. DERIVATIVES.

146. Derivatives are formed by appending certain terminations called
Suffixes to stems of verbs, nouns, or adjectives.

A. NOUNS.

1. Nouns derived from Verbs.

147. 1. The suffix -tor (-sor), Fem. -trix, denotes _the agent_; as,--

victor, victrix, _victor_; defensor, _defender_.

NOTE.--The suffix -tor is occasionally appended to noun stems; as,--

gladiator, _gladiator_ (from gladius).

2. The suffix -or (originally -os) denotes _an activity or a condition_;
as,--

amor, _love_; timor, _fear_; dolor, _pain_.

3. The suffixes -tio (-sio), Gen. -onis, and -tus (-sus), Gen. -us, denote
_an action as in process_; as,--

venatio, _hunting_; obsessio, _blockade_; gemitus, _sighing_; cursus,
_running_.

NOTE.--Rarer endings with the same force are:--

a) -tura, -sura; as,--

sepultura, _burial_; mensura, _measuring_.

b) -ium; as,--

gaudium, _rejoicing_.

c) -ido; as,--

cupido, _desire_.

4. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -crum, -trum, -bulum, -culum, denote _the
means_ or _place_ of an action; as,--

lumen (luc-s-men), _light_; vocabulum, _word_;
ornamentum, _ornament_; documentum, _proof_;
sepulcrum, _grave_; aratrum, _plough_;
vehiculum, _carriage_.

2. Nouns derived from Nouns.

148. 1. Diminutives end in--

-ulus, (-ula, -ulum)
-olus, (-ola, -olum), after a vowel
-culus, (-cula, -culum)
-ellus, (-ella, -ellum)
-illus, (-illa, -illum)

as,--

nidulus, _little nest_ (nidus);
virgula, _wand_ (virga);
oppidulum, _little town_ (oppidum);
filiolus, _little son_ (filius);
opusculum, _little work_ (opus);
tabella, _tablet_ (tabula);
lapillus, _pebble_ (lapis).

NOTE 1.--It will be observed that in gender the Diminutives follow the
gender of the words from which they are derived.

NOTE 2.--The endings -ellus, -illus contain the primitive form of the
diminutive suffix, _viz_., -lo-. Thus:--