d soldier under
Napoleon, by whom this story was related to him (1783-1843).

8. apres avoir lu. Note the use of the perfect infinitive, not
the present, after _apres_.

9. general B * * *. General Berthier, Major-General of Napoleon's
army which invaded Russia; he became Prince and Marshal of France
(1753-1815).--il changea de manieres. _De_ is used after
_changer_ when the object is changed for another of the same kind (if
the object is preceded by a modifier, such as a possessive pronoun,
_changer_ alone is used).

15. sa croix. The cross of the Legion of Honor; the cross is not
usually worn, but in its stead a small bow of ribbon.

21. ecole de Fontainebleau. The reference is not to the present
military school (artillery and engineers) at Fontainebleau, which
was founded in 1871, but to the school which was moved from there to
Saint-Cyr in 1806, and which corresponds to the school at West Point in
the United States.

2.--5. Cheverino. "Le 5 septembre un combat se livra pour
la possession d'une redoute russe sur le tertre de Chevardino, et fit
perdre aux Francais 4 ou 5000 hommes, aux Russes 7 ou 8000. Il annoncait
du moins que les Russes avaient pris position et se disposaient, pour
sauver leur capitale, a livrer bataille." Lavisse et Rambaud, _Histoire
generale du IVe siecle a nos jours_, vol. IX, p. 787. The battle of
Borodino, known also as the battle of the Moscova, was fought two days
later, September 7, 1812, and Napoleon arrived at Moscow on September
14. On account of the other references in the text to Napoleon the
following note may be found convenient.--Born in Corsica in 1769, he
first distinguished himself by driving the English from Toulon (1793).
He became General-in-Chief of the Army of Italy, and won the celebrated
battles of Arcola (1796), Rivoli (1797), etc.; became First Consul in
1799 and Emperor in 1804; victor in the battles of Austerlitz (1805),
Iena (1806), Eylau (1807), Friedland (1807), Wagram (1809), he became
the ruler of western Europe. He led the Grande-Armee into Russia in
1812-1813, and never recovered from this disastrous campaign. Europe
rose against him; he was deposed in 1814 and sent to the Island of Elba,
whence he escaped to France in 1815 and ruled, during the Hundred Days,
until he was finally defeated at Waterloo, June 18, 1815. Banished to
Saint Helena, he died there in 1821.

12. aupres duquel. _Aupres de_ expresses a relation nearer than
that expressed by _pres d