=Facing the Ends Square with a Side-tool.=--Everything is now ready for
the turning operation. The ends of the piece should be faced square
before turning the body to size, and the tool for this squaring
operation is shown in Fig. 6; this is known as a side-tool. It has a
cutting edge _e_ which shaves off the metal as indicated in the end view
by the dotted lines. The side _f_ is ground to an angle so that when
the tool is moved in the direction shown by the arrow, the cutting edge
will come in contact with the part to be turned; in other words, side
_f_ is ground so as to provide clearance for the cutting edge. In
addition, the top surface against which the chip bears, is beveled to
give the tool keenness so that it will cut easily. As the principles of
tool grinding are treated separately in Chapter II we shall for the
present consider the tool's use rather than its form.

[Illustration: Fig. 6. Lathe Side-tool for Facing Ends of Shafts, etc.]

For facing the end, the side tool is clamped in the toolpost by
tightening the screw _u_, Fig. 5, and it should be set with the cutting
edge slightly inclined from a right-angled position, the point being in
advance so that it will first come into contact with the work. The
cutting edge should also be about the same height as the center of the
work. When the tool is set, the lathe (if belt-driven) is started by
shifting an overhead belt and the tool is then moved in until the point
is in the position shown at _A_, Fig. 7. The tool-point is then fed
against the end by handle _d_, Fig. 5, until a light chip is being
turned off, and then it is moved outward by handle _e_ (as indicated by
the arrow at _B_, Fig. 7), the carriage remaining stationary. As the
movement of the tool-point is guided by the cross-slide _D_, which is at
right angles with the axis of the work, the end will be faced square.
For short turning operations of this kind, the power feeds ordinarily
are not used as they are intended for comparatively long cuts. If it
were necessary to remove much metal from the end, a number of cuts would
be taken across it; in this case, however, the rough stock is only 1/8
inch too long so that this end need only be made true.

[Illustration: Fig. 7. Facing End with Side-tool and Turning Work
Cylindrical]

After taking a cut as described, the surface, if left rough by the
tool-point, should be made smooth by a second or finishing cut. If the
tool is ground slightly round at