to be used close up to a
shoulder or surface _s_ that might come in contact with the tool-rest if
the straight form were employed. Tool _C_, which has a straight cutting
end, is used on certain classes of work for taking light finishing cuts,
with a coarse feed. This type of tool has a flat or straight cutting
edge at the end, and will leave a smooth finish even though the feed is
coarse, provided the cutting edge is set parallel with the tool's travel
so as to avoid ridges. Broad-nosed tools and wide feeds are better
adapted for finishing cast iron than steel. When turning steel, if the
work is at all flexible, a broad tool tends to gouge into it and for
this reason round-nosed tools and finer feeds are generally necessary. A
little experience in turning will teach more on this point than a whole
chapter on the subject.

[Illustration: Fig. 1. Set of Lathe Turning Tools for General Work]

[Illustration: Fig. 2. Views illustrating Use of Various Types of Lathe
Tools]

The side-tools shown at _D_ and _E_ are for facing the ends of shafts,
collars, etc. The first tool is known as a right side-tool because it
operates on the right end or side of a shaft or collar, whereas the left
side-tool _E_ is used on the opposite side, as shown in Fig. 2.
Side-tools are also bent to the right or left because the cutting edge
of a straight tool cannot always be located properly for facing certain
surfaces. A bent right side-tool is shown at _F_. A form of tool that is
frequently used is shown at _G_; this is known as a parting tool and is
used for severing pieces and for cutting grooves, squaring corners, etc.
The same type of tool having a bent end is shown at _H_ (Fig. 2)
severing a piece held in the chuck. Work that is held between centers
should not be entirely severed with a parting tool unless a steadyrest
is placed between the tool and faceplate, as otherwise the tool may be
broken by the springing of the work just before the piece is cut in two.
It should be noted that the sides of this tool slope inward back of the
cutting edge to provide clearance when cutting in a narrow groove.

At _I_ a thread tool is shown for cutting a U. S. standard thread. This
thread is the form most commonly used in this country at the present
time. A tool for cutting a square thread is shown at _J_. This is shaped
very much like a parting tool except that the cutting end is inclined
slightly to correspond with the helix angle of the thread, as ex