at the
root of the matter is to be found in grammatical considerations, that
the categories originated from investigations into grammatical
functions, and that a correspondence will be found to obtain between
categories and parts of speech. Thus, Substance corresponds to noun
substantive, Quantity and Quality to the adjective, Relation partly to
the comparative degree and perhaps to the preposition, When and Where
to the adverbs of time and place. Action to the active, Passion to the
passive of the verb, Position [Greek: keisthai] to the intransitive
verb, [Greek: echein] to the peculiar Greek perfect. That there should
be a very close correspondence between the categories and grammatical
elements is by no means surprising; that the one were deduced from the
other is both philosophically and historically improbable. Reference
to the detailed criticisms of Trendelenburg by Ritter, Bonitz, and
Zeller will be sufficient.

Aristotle has also left us in doubt on another point. Why should there
be only _ten_ categories? and why should these be the ten? Kant and
Hegel, it is well known, signalize as the great defect in the
Aristotelian categories the want of a principle, and yet some of
Aristotle's expressions would warrant the inference that he _had_ a
principle, and that he thought his arrangement exhaustive. The leading
idea of all later attempts at reduction to unity of principle, the
division into substance and accident, was undoubtedly not overlooked
by Aristotle, and Fr. Brentano[7] has collected with great diligence
passages which indicate how the complete list might have been deduced
from this primary distinction. His tabular arrangements (pp. 175, 177)
are particularly deserving of attention. The results, however, are
hardly beyond the reach of doubt.

Later Greek.

There was no fundamental change in the doctrine of the categories from
the time of Aristotle to that of Kant, and only two proposed
reclassifications are of such importance as to require notice. The
Stoics adopted a fivefold arrangement of highest classes, [Greek:
genikotata]. [Greek: to on] or [Greek: ti], Being, or somewhat in
general, was subdivided into [Greek: hypokeimena] or subjects, [Greek:
poia] or qualities in general, which give definiteness to the blank
subject, [Greek: pos echonta], modes which further determine the
subject, and [Greek: pros ti pos echonta], defi