nation for the whole of Babylonia and the first being
obviously analogous to the Egyptian royal title: "King of upper and lower
Egypt."

I can but briefly indicate here some facts which prove that this ancient
Babylonian centre of civilization underwent precisely the same evolution
as that I have traced in America and India.

Assyriologists agree in stating that, at the beginning of Babylonian
history, about 4,000 B.C., Akkad and Sumer, or North and South Babylonia,
already existed and were inhabited by two distinct races of people: the
non-Semitic Sumerians and the Semitic Akkadians or later Babylonians. In
later times we find the region embraced by the Euphrates and Tigris
inhabited by descendants of both races and forming the Babylonian empire
in the south, the Assyrian empire to the northeast, while in the
northwestern part of Mesopotamia, was the seat of various empires that
were alternately the rivals and subjects of either Babylonia or Assyria
(Jastrow, _op. cit._ 26).

Three distinct and rival cults are indeed found associated with these
three centres of government, and when examined by the light of our
knowledge of a parallel process of evolution elsewhere, their origin can
be traced back to elementary pole-star heaven and earth worship, and what
is termed the establishment of the districts of Anu, Bel and Ea. That at
one period these separate cults peacefully existed alongside of each other
is indicated by the joint worship of pairs and triads of divinities who
were personifications of central powers, of the upper and of the lower
regions. In order to demonstrate this statement I shall briefly cite some
references to such divinities from Professor Jastrow's hand-book, taking
them in the order in which they are enumerated in the famous Babylonian
version of the creation of the world, contained in the fragment known as
the "Creation epic" which begins thus:

"There was a time where Above, the heaven, was not named. Below, the
earth, bore no name. Apsu was there from the first, the source of both
(_i. e._, heaven and earth). And raging Tiamat, the mother of both (_i.
e._, heaven and earth)." Apsu and Tiamat are synonymous and are
personifications of the watery deep or abyss. "Apsu represents the male
and Tiamat the female principle of the primaeval universe ... the embrace
of Apsu and Tiamat became a symbol of 'sexual' union."

Tiamat was popularly pictured as a huge serpent-like monster, a fact of
utmost in