ace
the canopic vases representing them under the bier. The canopic vases
were, however, also supposed to be under the protection of four sky
goddesses, identified with the cardinal points, whose names are usually
given as Isis, Nephthys, Neith and Serk-t(?). A particularly interesting
instance of the employment of the cross-symbol in connection with the four
"gods of the horizon," as they are termed, is to be found in the Book of
the Dead, published by Lepsius and reproduced by Dr. Wallis Budge
(Dwellers on the Nile, p. 158). The four gods in mummy form, stand in a
line behind a table laden with offerings. A large crux decussata (St.
Andrew's cross) is painted on the right shoulder of the foremost god, a
fact to which I shall revert and discuss further in dealing with the
cross-symbol and swastika in Egypt. Having traced quadruplicate
territorial divisions and quaternions of gods, let us next present proofs
of an organization of the population into four "races."

Dr. Wallis Budge, referring to Chabas and Naville, states that "the
Egyptians of the later empire believed that Ra-Harmachis, attacked his
foes, who fled in all directions from before him. Those who came to the
south became the Cushites, those who came to the north became the Amu,
those who came to the west the Libyans and those who came to the east the
Shasu, and thus were the four races of mankind made" (The Dwellers on the
Nile, p. 53).

The fact that the Sphinx has been designated as the image of Ra-Harmachis
_i. e._ Heru-em-chut and of his human representative, and that the
distribution of people to the cardinal points and the origin of four races
of men is assigned to him, are particularly interesting and suggestive,
especially in connection with the familiar table of nations given by
Moses, who says "and the sons of Ham, Cush and Mizraim and Phut and
Canaan" (Gen. X:6). Dr. Wallis Budge states that Ham or Kham is the same
as Khem and is the name Kamt, _i. e._ black, by which the Egyptians
generally called their land. I venture to point out that in the following
passages the name Ham seems to be more applicable to a deity such as
Amen-Ra or to his human representative a king, than to Egypt itself: "And
smote all the firstborn in Egypt and the chief of their strength _in the
tabernacles of Ham_" and again "Wondrous works _in the land of Ham_."...

It is well known that Mizraim, the second name given above, was employed
by the Hebrews as a designation fo