terest when connected with the name Nakkash, _i. e._, crooked
serpent, bestowed upon the constellation Draconis which contained the
pole-star of 2170 B.C. Abstaining from comment I merely establish here the
interesting point that in ancient Babylonia the serpent is found
distinctly associated with Polaris as well as with the dual creative
principle. The divine pairs Lakhmu and Lakhamu and Anshar and Kishar were
then created. By an arbitrary division of his name into An and shar, the
deity becomes the "one that embraces all that is above." The element An is
the same that we have in Anu and is the ideographic form for "high" and
"heaven." Ki is the ideographic form for earth and the natural consort to
an all-embracing upper power is a power that "embraces all that is below."

It is interesting thus to ascertain that on another tablet by the side of
these personifications of heaven and earth are enumerated a series of
names which certainly appear to be merely variations on the names or
titles of the divine pairs. Lakhumu and Lakhamu occur on the list, and
Anshar and Kishar recur as Anshar-gal, "great totality of what is on
high," and Kishar-gal, "great totality of what is below." Then there are
En-shar and Nin-shar, "lord and mistress" and a "Father-Mother of Anu,"
titles which furnish an interesting comparison with the list printed on
page 42 of this investigation.

Pagan authorities, cited by Professor Jastrow, relate that the first
result of the union of Apsu and Tiamat was the production of "strange
monsters, human beings with wings, beings with two heads, male and female,
hybrid formations, half man, half animal, with horns of rams and horses'
hoofs, bulls with human faces, dogs with four-fold bodies ending in fish
tails." Seen in the light of the present investigation these accounts and
the sculptured images of such monstrosities, many of which have been
preserved to the present day, may be accounted for in a very simple and
natural manner. It is obvious that, once the Babylonian theologians had
definitely adopted the theory and creed that the universe had been created
by the union of the Above and Below, Male and Female principle, Heaven and
Earth, or Upper and Lower Firmament, the production of allegorical images
personifying or symbolizing this union would inevitably follow in course
of time. The somewhat naive but expressive combination of the form of a
quadruped or serpent with that of a bird, and the adoption of