litting wood. As among all tools, there is among axes a great
variety for special uses.

[Illustration: Fig. 139. Ax.]

[Illustration: Fig. 140. Shingling Hatchet.]

[Illustration: Fig. 141. Carpenter's Adze.]

The _hatchet_ has, beside the cutting edge, a head for driving nails,
and a notch for drawing them, thus combining three tools in one. The
shingling hatchet, Fig. 140, is a type of this.

The _adze_, the carpenter's house adze, Fig. 141, is flat on the lower
side, since its use is for straightening surfaces.

WOOD HAND TOOLS.

REFERENCES:[*]

(1) Cutting.
Goss, p. 22.
Smith, R. H., pp. 1-8.

Chisel.
Barnard, pp. 59-73.
Selden, pp. 44-50, 145-147.
Barter, pp. 93-96.
Griffith, pp. 53-64.
Goss, pp. 20-26.
Sickels, pp. 64-67.
Wheeler, 357, 421, 442.

Knife.
Barnard, pp. 48-58.
Selden, pp. 26-28, 158.

Saw.
Griffith, pp. 20-27.
Barnard, pp. 114-124.
Selden, pp. 41-43, 179-182.
Wheeler, pp. 466-473.
Hammacher, pp. 309-366.
Goss, pp. 26-41.
Sickels, pp. 76-79, 84.
Smith, R. H., 43-55.
Diston, pp. 129-138.

Plane.
Barnard, pp. 74-80.
Selden, pp. 11-26, 165-175.
Sickels pp. 72-75, 116.
Wheeler, pp. 445-458.
Hammacher, pp. 377-400.
Smith, R. H., 16-31.
Larsson, p. 19.
Goss, pp. 41-52.
Barter, pp. 96-109.
Griffith, pp. 28-45.

(2) Boring Tools.
Barnard, pp. 125-135.
Goss, pp. 53-59.
Griffith, pp. 47-52.
Seldon, pp. 38-40, 141-144.
Wheeler, pp. 353-356.

(3) Chopping Tools.
Barnard, pp. 80-88.

[Footnote *: For general bibliography see p. 4.]

CHAPTER IV, CONTINUED.

WOOD HAND TOOLS.

4. SCRAPING TOOLS.

Scraping tools are of such nature that they can only abrade or smooth
surfaces.

[Illustration: Fig. 142. Auger-Bit-File.]

[Illustration: Fig. 143. Single-Cut Blunt, Flat, Bastard File.]

[Illustration: Fig. 144. Three-Square Single-Cut File.]

[Illustration: Fig. 145. Open Cut, Taper, Half-Round File.]

[Illustration: Fig. 146. Double-Cut File.]

[Illustration: Fig. 147. Cabinet Wood-Rasp.]

[Illustration: Fig. 148. File-Card.]

_Files._ Figs. 142-146, are formed with a series of cutting edges or
teeth. These teeth are cut when the metal is soft and cold and
then the tool is hardened. There are in use at least three thousa