poeme, dont il avait sans doute quelque texte sous les yeux.'
But it is clear from the mistake about the word Closamont and other
details that Gautier was mistaken and that the source from which
Hugo drew was Jubinal's reproduction.

Hugo omitted from his adaptation two incidents of great poetic
interest, namely, the picture of Aude watching the fight, and the
miraculous intervention of the angel. He has, on the other hand,
inserted the barbaric incident of the fight with trees. He has
eliminated, that is to say, the tender and the religious elements
from the story and made it simply the narrative of a Homeric combat,
with more than a touch of the grotesque. Nevertheless, he has
retained the characteristic incident of the chivalrous behaviour of
Roland in sending for a new sword for his enemy and in giving him
time for rest, a trait which finds a parallel in many other
_Chansons_, notably in the story of the battle of Roland with
Ferragus, a Saracen giant. When Ferragus is worn out with fighting,
Roland watches over him while he sleeps, and on his awakening enters
into a theological discussion with him in the hope of converting him
to Christianity. When this pious desire fails, the combat is renewed.

_Saint Michael_ is described in Rev. xii. 7-9 as fighting against
Satan and casting him out of heaven.

Hugo is mistaken in his description of _Olivier_, who was not lord of
Vienne and a sovereign count, but only the son of Renier, duke of
Genoa. The only statement in these two lines which is correct is
that his grandfather was Garin.

L. 27. As already noted, in the original story it is an aged Jew who
arms Olivier for the fight.

_Rollon_ (English _Rollo_) was the Norse pirate who invaded France in
A.D. 912 and founded the Duchy of Normandy. The reference to him is
of course an anachronism.

_estoc_ (_c_ pronounced), a long narrow sword used for thrusting.

_cimier_ (from Latin _cyma_, the young sprout of a cabbage), the crest
on the helmet.

Roland's sword, _Durandal_, which was given him by Charlemagne, plays
the same part in the French _Chansons_ as Siegfried's sword
Balmung in the _Nibelunglied_, or Excalibur in the Arthurian cycle.
Other forms of the name are _Durendas, Durrenda, Durandarda_.

_en franc neveu du roi_, like a real or genuine nephew of the king.

_Tournon_, a town situated on the right bank of the Rhone, in the
department of Ardeche. It still produces a well-known wine, called
_Vins de l'