became used of any recluse. In _Notre-Dame de
Paris_ Hugo applies it to the half-crazy inhabitant of the Tour-Roland.

_cruzade_, an old Portuguese coin, so called because it was marked
with a cross. There was an old cruzade worth about 3 fr. 30, and a new
cruzade worth not quite 3 fr.

_Narse_, or Narses, was king of Persia A.D. 294-303.

_Tigrane_, the name of an Armenian, not a Persian dynasty. There were
seven kings of this name, and they occupied the Armenian throne from 565
to 161 B.C.

_nonce_. This word is in strictness used only of the emissaries of the
Pope. Its use in any sense is an anachronism, as it was not introduced
till the sixteenth century.

_Ratbert_ is thus described at the beginning of the poem:--

Ratbert, fils de Rodolphe et petit-fils de Charles,
Qui se dit empereur et qui n'est que roi d'Arles.

Arles, which Hugo spells with or without the _s_ according to the
exigencies of the metre, was the capital of the kingdom of Provence, one
of the kingdoms formed out of the fragments of Charlemagne's empire. It
embraced most of S.E. France, and lasted from A.D. 855 to 1032. This
kingdom was frequently called _le royaume d'Arle_. _Roy d'Arle_ is
therefore a historical title, but the names Ratbert and Rodolphe, as
grandson and son respectively of Charlemagne, are imaginary.

_Macchabee_. Judas Maccabaeus, the Jewish hero, who freed his country
from the tyranny of Antiochus Epiphanes.

_Amadis_ See note on EVIRADNUS.

_Aetius_, a Roman general who lived in the fifth century A.D. One of
the last heroes and defenders of ancient Rome, he fought Franks,
Burgundians, Huns, and succeeded in uniting the German kings of Gaul
against Attila, and inflicting a crushing defeat upon him (A. D. 451).

_latobrige_. The Latobriges were an ancient German tribe who lived in
what is now Wurtemberg and Baden.

_Platon_: the Athenian philosopher Plato, justly placed amongst the
poets.

_Plaute_: Plautus, the Roman writer of comedies, who lived in the second
century B.C.

_Scaeva Memor_, a Roman poet and tragedian of the first century A.D.,
rescued from oblivion by this line. The three make a bizarre trio; see
note on BOOZ ENDORMI.

_Sicambre_. The Sicambres were the German tribe who in Roman times lived
on the Rhine.

_incruste d'erable_, i. e. inlaid with maple.

_bailli_, i. e. governor.

_reitre_, an old word, derived from the German _Reiter_, used of the
German knights.

_buccin_, properly a w