patre: a reference to the `old sweet mythos,'
as Browning calls it, of Diana, the goddess of the Moon, stooping
from heaven to kiss the shepherd Endymion, as he lay asleep on
Mount Latmos.

_Rhodope_, the wife of Haemus, king of Thrace, who was changed
into a mountain because she thought herself more beautiful than Hera.

1. 839. The allusions are to the quarrels between the Greek and
Roman Churches.

_galoubet_. A little wind instrument in shape like a flageolet, with
three holes. It was played with the left hand, while the right beat
a tambourine. It was peculiar to Languedoc and Provence.

_marche_, German _Mark_, military frontier.

_L'idee._ In the original edition of 1859 the word was L'epee.

_Josaphat._ The valley of Josaphat or Jehosaphat is between
Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives, and according to both Jewish and
Moslem
tradition is to be the place of the Last Judgment. This tradition
may be based on Joel iii. 12, or on the meaning of the word Josaphat,
which is, 'Jehovah will judge,' or on both.

_goules_, from Arabic _ghul_. English _ghoul_. The creatures who,
according to Eastern superstition, devour dead bodies.

_lamies_, from Lat. _lamia_, a fabulous being possessing the head of
a woman and the body of a sea-serpent, which was supposed to devour
children.

_en rupture de ban_. _Rompre le ban_ is to set at defiance a decree
of banishment, the punishment for which was death.

_un dogue en arret_. The name _dogue_ is given to a kind of large
dog, akin to a bloodhound, but the term is not correctly used here,
as _en arret_ means _pointing_.

_vermeille_. See note on AYMERILLOT.

SULTAN MOURAD.

In his preface to the volume of 1859 Hugo appeals to the history of the
Turks by Cantemir as a justification for his picture of Sultan Mourad.
This was Demetrius Cantemir (1673-1723), who had a remarkable history,
and wrote a valuable book. Though not a Turk, he attached himself to
the Turks, and fought under the banner of the Crescent during his early
life. In 1710 he was made Waiwode, or Governor, of Moldavia, Then,
deserting the setting for the rising sun, he allied himself with
Czar Peter the Great, then at war with Turkey. But the campaign was
unsuccessful, and Cantemir, flying from Moldavia, took refuge in the
Ukraine. For the rest of his life he divided his time between study and
instructing the Moldavians who had accompanied him. He is said to have
spoken Persian, Turkish, Arabic, modern