to DASD (CR) for DASD
(CR), 20 Mar 64; see also OASD (CR), Summary of
Military Personnel Assignments in Overseas Areas;
both in ODASD (CR) files. Negroes were not the only
Americans excluded from certain countries for
"politically ethnic considerations." Jewish
servicemen were barred from certain Middle East
countries.]

The department was less responsive to the Gesell Committee's
recommendations on racial restrictions encountered off base overseas.
The services, traditionally, had shunned consideration of this matter,
citing their role as guests. When the Department of Defense outlined
the commander's responsibility regarding off-base discrimination
overseas, it expressly authorized commanders to impose sanctions in
foreign communities, yet just five weeks later the services clarified
the order for the press, explaining that sanctions would be limited to
the United States.[22-70] A spokesman for the U.S. Army in Germany
admitted that discrimination continued in restaurants and bars, adding
that such discrimination was illegal in Germany and was limited to the
lowest class establishments.[22-71] Supporting these conclusions was a
spate of newspaper reports of segregated establishments in certain
areas of Okinawa and the neighborhood around an Army barracks near
Frankfurt, Germany.[22-72]

[Footnote 22-70: DOD directive cited in Gesell
Committee's "Final Report," p. 7; see also New York
_Times_, September 12, 1963.]

[Footnote 22-71: New York _Times_ and Washington
_Post_, December 29, 1964.]

[Footnote 22-72: See, for example, New York _Herald
Tribune_, January 3, 1965; New York _Times_, March
29, 1964.]

Despite these continuing press reports, the services declared in
mid-1965 that the "overwhelming majority" of overseas installations
were free of segregation problems in housing or public accommodations.
One important exception to this overwhelming majority was reported by
General Paul Freeman, the commander of U.S. Army Forces in Europe. He
not only admitted that the problem existed in his command but also
concluded that it had been imported from the United States. The
general had met with Gerhard Gesell and subsequently launched a