be expected in any given case depends upon the nature, situation and
extent of the lesion, and upon the age of the patient. Even after
complete destruction of the speech centres, perfect recovery may take
place, for the centres in the right hemisphere of the brain are capable
of education. This is only possible in young individuals. In the great
majority of instances the nature of the lesion is such as to render
futile all treatment directed towards its removal. In suitable cases,
however, the education of the right side of the brain may be very
greatly assisted by an intelligent application of scientific methods.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--Broca, _Bulletin de la Societe anatomique_ (1861);
Wernicke, _Der Aphasische Symptomen-complex_ (Breslau, 1874);
Kussmaul, _Ziemssen's Cyclopaedia_, vol. xiv. p. 759; Wyllie, _The
Disorders of Speech_ (1895); Elder, _Aphasia and the Cerebral Speech
Mechanism_ (1897); Collins, _The Faculty of Speech_ (1897); Bastian,
_Aphasia and other Speech Defects_ (1898); Byrom Bramwell,
"Will-making and Aphasia," _British Medical Journal_ (1897); "The
Morison Lectures on Aphasia," _The Lancet_ (1906). See also the works
of Charcot, Hughlings Jackson, Dejerine, Lichtheim, Pitres, Grasset,
Ross, Broadbent, Mills, Bateman, Mirallie, Exner, Marie and others.
(J. B. T.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] In 1906 Pierre Marie of Paris expressed views (_La Semaine
medicale_, May 23 and October 17, and elsewhere) upon the question of
aphasia which have given rise to much animated controversy, since
they are in many respects at complete variance with the classical
conception which has been represented in the present article. Marie
holds that Broca's convolution plays no special role in the function
of speech. He admits that a lesion in the region of the lenticular
nucleus is followed by inability to speak, but this defect is, in his
opinion, to be regarded as an anarthria. He further admits the
production of sensory aphasia--the aphasia of Wernicke, as he prefers
to call it after its discoverer--by lesions which destroy the angular
and supramarginal gyri, and the upper two temporo-sphenoidal
convolutions, but he regards the essential foundation of sensory
aphasia as a diminution of intelligence. There are, in his opinion,
no sensory images of language. Motor aphasia is, he believes, nothing
more than a combination of sensory aphasia and anarth