--whole

(_c_) North Central Plain Panjab--Gujrat, Sialkot, Gurdaspur,
Amritsar, Jalandhar,
Ludhiana, Kapurthala,
Malerkotla, Powadh
tract in Phulkian States.

(_d_) North-West Area Panjab--Rawalpindi, Jhelam,
Attock, Mianwali.
N.W.F.P.--Peshawar, Kohat,
Bannu.

(_e_) South-Western Plains Panjab--Gujranwala, Lahore,
Shahpur, Jhang, Lyallpur,
Montgomery, Multan,
Muzaffargarh, Dera Ghazi
Khan, Bahawalpur.
N.W.F.P.--Dera Ismail Khan.

(_f_) South-Eastern Area Panjab--Karnal, Rohtak, Gurgaon,
Hissar, Ferozepore,
Faridkot, Jangal tract in
Phulkian States, Native
States territory adjoining
Gurgaon and Rohtak.

~Mountain and Submontane Zones.~--In the Mountain Zone the fields are
often very minute, consisting of narrow terraces supported by stone
revetments built up the slopes of hills. That anyone should be ready to
spend time and labour on such unpromising material is a sign of pressure
of population on the soil, which is a marked feature of some hill
tracts.

[Illustration: Fig. 50. A steep bit of hill cultivation, Hazara.]

Below 8000 feet the great crop is maize. Potatoes have been introduced
near our hill stations. The chief pulse of the mountain zone is _kulath_
(Dolichos biflorus), eaten by the very poor. Wheat ascends to 8000 or
9000 feet, and at the higher levels is reaped in August. Barley is grown
at much greater heights. Buckwheat (_ugal_, _trumba_, _drawi_),
amaranth (_chaulai_, _ganhar_, _sariara_), and a tall chenopod (_bathu_)
are grown in the mountain zone. Buckwheat is common on poor stony lands.

[Illustration: Fig. 51. Preparing rice field in the Hills.]

The only comparatively flat land is on the banks above river beds, which
are