1. The figures for
the four decennial enumerations are:

|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| | | | |
| | Panjab | N.W.F. | Kashmir |
|Year |----------------------------------| Province | |
| | British | Native | Total | | |
| | | States | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|1881 |17,274,597 |3,861,683 |21,136,280 |1,543,726 | |
|1891 |19,009,368 |4,263,280 |23,272,648 |1,857,504 |2,543.952|
|1901 |20,330,337 |4,424,398 |24,754,735 |2,041,534 |2,905,578|
|1911 |19,974,956 |4,212,974 |24,187,730 |2,196,933 |3,158,126|
|-------------------------------------------------------------|

~Incidence of Population in Panjab.~--The estimated numbers of independent
tribes dwelling within the British sphere of influence is 1,600,000. The
incidence of the population on the total area of the Panjab including
native States is 177 per square mile, which may be compared with 189 in
France and 287 in the British Isles. As the map shows, the density is
reduced by the large area of semi-desert country in the south-west and
by the mountainous tract in the north-east. The distribution of the
population is the exact opposite of that which prevails in Great
Britain. There are only 174 towns as compared with 44,400 villages, and
nearly nine-tenths of the people are to be found in the latter. Some of
the so-called towns are extremely small, and the average population per
town is but 14,800 souls. There are no large towns in the European
sense. The biggest, Delhi and Lahore, returned respectively 232,837 and
228,687 persons.

[Illustration: Fig. 27. Map showing density of population.]

[Illustration: Fig. 28. Map showing increase and decrease of
population.]

~Growth stopped by Plague.~--The growth of the population between 1881 and
1891 amounted to 10 p.c. Plague, which has smitten the Panjab more
severely than any other province, appeared in 1896, and its effect was
seen in the lower rate of expansion between 1891 and 1901.
Notwithstanding great extensions of irrigation and cultivation in the
Rechna Doab the numbers declined by 2 p.c. between 1901 and 1911. In the
ten years from 1901 to 1910 in the British districts alone over two
million people died of plague and the death-rate wa