and four outstretched arms, to which wings
are attached. This furnishes us with an instance of a queen being
represented with four wings, in exactly the same manner as the Assyrian
king Sargon, on the seal from the time of Sennacherib (fig. 65, 6),
namely, as a "ruler of the four quarters," which indicates that she held
the position of a "central ruler." As might be expected in the case of a
queen who personified Isis, frequently represented under the form of a
"woman-serpent," the uraeus is a favorite motif on other gold ornaments
belonging to the Ethiopian queen.

Certain passages in Prof. Flinders Petrie's History of Egypt afford a
curious insight into the prerogatives of Egyptian queens as far back as
about B.C. 2684. The consort of Usertesen II, the fourth king of the
twelfth dynasty was named Nefert,of whom a grey granite statue is
preserved at the Ghizeh Museum and represents her as seated on a throne.
On this are the titles "The hereditary princess, the great favorite, the
greatly praised, the beloved consort of the king, _the ruler of all
women_, the king's daughter of his body, Nefert." Prof. Flinders Petrie
adds: "The title ruler or princess of all women is peculiar, and suggests
that the queen had some prerogatives of government as regards the female
half of the population." The title in question reappears four centuries
later in connection with Nubkhas, the queen of Sebek=Emsaup, of the 13th
dynasty and her stele in the Louvre entitles her the "great heiress, the
greatly favored, _the ruler of all women_, the great royal wife, united to
the crown Nub-kha-s" (_op. cit._, vol. I, pp. 175 and 225).

Between B.C. 1423-1414 queen Mutemua-arat appears as "the goddess queen"
and "great royal wife" (Flinders Petrie _op. cit._, II, p. 174). The
consort of Amenhotep III (B.C. 1414-1379) the celebrated Tyi, the daughter
of Yuaa and Thuaa, is entitled "princess of both lands," and "chief
heiress, princess of all lands." Her successor Nefertiti is called
"princess of south and north, lady of both lands," which titles, as Prof.
Flinders Petrie comments, "like the titles of Tyi, imply a hereditary
right to rule Egypt." They undoubtedly place her on a footing of equality
with the king, which is, however, comprehensible when it is explained that
she was the ruler of all women, while he was the ruler of all men. The
position of the Egyptian queen would thus prove to have been analogous to
that of the ancient Mexican Quilaztl