er that by the new governor, Zabalburu. The bishop
attempts to remove by force some of his prebends from the Augustinian
convent, but is foiled by the vigilance of the friars. Being opposed
in this scheme by the auditors, Barrientos excommunicates them,
a proceeding which they ignore. At the coming of the new governor,
his favor is adroitly obtained by a military officer named Tomas
de Endaya; and the auditors are for a time treated insolently by
both. Zabalburu soon shows, however, that no one can govern him;
and he displays much egotism, contemns the religious, and oppresses
the Indians with exactions for public works.

The Jesuit Colin, one of the pioneers in the Philippine missions,
furnishes in his Labor evangelica (Madrid, 1663) a valuable account
of the native races and their customs. He makes some attempt to
trace the origin of the Malayan tribes, which he places, for most,
in the islands of Sumatra and Macasar (or Celebes), and for some in
the Moluccas. The Negritos came, he thinks, from Farther India, and
possibly from New Guinea also. A chapter is devoted to the alphabet,
mode of writing, and languages in use among the Filipinos. Colin
praises their quickness and cleverness; some of them act as clerks
in the public offices at Manila, and of these some are capable of
taking charge of such offices; and they are competent printers. Colin
discourses at length upon the native languages--admiring the richness
and elegance of the Tagalog--and upon their mode of bestowing personal
names. He then proceeds to describe their physical appearance, dress,
ornaments, treatment of hair and teeth, and tattooing; their food,
customs in eating, and modes of making wine; their songs and dances;
their habits of bathing. Their deities, religious observances,
and superstitions are recounted--including the worship of spirits,
ancestors, idols, and phenomena of nature--and their ideas of the
creation, and of the origin of man. Their mortuary customs include
the employment of hired mourners, the embalming of the corpse, the
killing of slaves to accompany the soul of the deceased, and a taboo
imposing silence. Colin gives an account of their limited form of
government (its unit the barangay); their laws, criminal and civil,
with their penalties (among which appears the ordeal); the different
ranks of society, and the occupations of the people; their weapons and
armor; their marriages and divorces, and punishments for adultery. He
also