a, are
all gentlemen") absolutely depends--and declares that the Spaniards
themselves are arrogant and tyrannical toward the Indians.

Additional information regarding the native peoples is afforded by
the Franciscan writer Juan Francisco de San Antonio, in his Cronicas
(Manila, 1738-44). He begins with a dissertation on the origin of the
Filipino Indians, in examining which he finds many difficulties. He
notes several of the mixtures of different races which have produced
distinct types; among these he is inclined to class the half-civilized
mountain-dwellers in the larger islands--who, as he thinks, spring
from either civilized Indians who have retreated to the hill-country,
or from the intercourse of native Filipinos with Japanese, Chinese,
and other foreigners. The Chinese and Japanese who live in and
near Manila, and some Malabar mestizos, are desirable elements of
the population. The Negritos are the aboriginal inhabitants; in
former times they harassed the Indian natives with frequent raids,
and killed all who ventured into the mountain region. In the time of
San Antonio, the Indians secretly pay them tribute, in order to avoid
their raids. He describes their physical aspect, costume, and mode of
life; he conjectures that they came to the Philippines originally from
New Guinea. The civilized peoples may all be reduced to the Tagalogs,
Pampangos, Visayans, and Mindanaos; all are of Malay stock. Of these,
the first probably came from Malacca, as traders, remaining in Luzon
as conquerors; the Pampangos, from Sumatra. The Visayans may have
come from the Solomon Islands, but this is not certain. In Mindanao,
as in Luzon, the black aborigines were driven into the interior
by the Malay traders who came there. These latter show much tribal
variation, but all must have come from the near-by islands of Borneo,
Macasar, or the Moluccas. San Antonio characterizes these Mindanao
peoples separately. The coast tribes are partly Mahometan, partly
christianized; the missions among them are those of the Recollects
and Jesuits. The mountain tribes are apparently the aboriginal
natives--also Malayan, according to some, but it may be from Celebes
or other islands. All these our author presents as conjectures only;
"God is the only one who knows the truth." He proceeds to describe the
characteristics and disposition of the Filipino natives, which is full
of contradictions. They are hospitable, but neglect their parents;
and are decei