dness and embarrassment. Inasmuch as the
method of naming one is "the father of So-and-so," as soon as he has
children, for him who had no children (among persons of influence)
his relatives and acquaintances assembled at a banquet, and gave him
a new name there, which they designated as Pamagat. That was usually
a name of excellence by some circumlocution or metaphor, based on
their own old name. Thus if one was called by his own name, Bacal,
which signifies "iron," the new name given him would be Dimatanassan,
signifying "not to spoil with time." If it were Bayani, which signifies
"valiant" and "spirited," he was called Dimalapitan "he to whom no
one is bold." It is also the custom among these nations to call one
another among themselves, by way of friendship, by certain correlative
names based on some special circumstance. Thus if one had given a
branch of sweet basil to another, the two among themselves called
each other Casolasi, the name of the thing given; or Caytlog, he who
ate of an egg with another. This is in the manner of the names of
fellow-students or chums as used by us. These are all arguments in
favor of the civilization of these Indians.

CHAPTER XIV

Of the appearance, features, clothing, and other ancient
customs of the natives of these islands

98. The ordinary stature of these Indians is medium, but they are
well built and good-looking, both men and women. Their complexion is
yellowish brown, like a boiled quince, and the beard is slight. The
Tagalogs wear the hair hanging to the shoulders; the Cagayans longer
and hanging over the shoulders; the Ilocans shorter, and the Visayans
still shorter, for they cut it round in the manner of the oldtime
cues of Espana. The nation called Zambals wear it shaved from the
front half of the head, while on the skull they have a great shock of
loose hair. The complexion of the women in all the islands differs
little from that of the men, except among the Visayans where some
of the women are light-complexioned. All of the women wear the hair
tied up in a knot on top of the head with a tasteful ribbon. Both
men and women, universally, consider it essential that the hair
should be very black and well cared for. For that purpose they use
lotions made of certain tree-barks and oils, prepared with musk and
other perfumes. Their greatest anxiety and care was the mouth, and
from infancy they polished and filed the teeth so that they might
be even and pr