minister, warned him that, "The Russian must be made to feel
that we have a parliament and a public, to which we are responsible,
and that we cannot permit ourselves to be drawn into views of policy
which are wholly incompatible with the spirit of our government."

The reactionary spirit of the continental members of the alliance was
soon thoroughly aroused by the series of revolutions that followed one
another in 1820. In March the Spanish army turned against the
government of Ferdinand VII and demanded the restoration of the
constitution of 1812. The action of the army was everywhere approved
and sustained by the people and the king was forced to proclaim the
constitution and to promise to uphold it. The Spanish revolution was
followed in July by a constitutional movement in Naples, and in August
by a similar movement in Portugal; while the next year witnessed the
outbreak of the Greek struggle for independence. Thus in all three of
the peninsulas of Southern Europe the people were struggling for the
right of self-government. The great powers at once took alarm at the
rapid spread of revolutionary ideas and proceeded to adopt measures for
the suppression of the movements to which these ideas gave rise. At
Troppau and Laybach measures were taken for the suppression of the
revolutionary movements in Italy. An Austrian army entered Naples in
March, 1821, overthrew the constitutional government that had been
inaugurated, and restored Ferdinand II to absolute power. The
revolution which had broken out in Piedmont was also suppressed by a
detachment of the Austrian army. England held aloof from all
participation in the conferences at Troppau and Laybach, though her
ambassador to Austria was present to watch the proceedings.

The next meeting of the allied powers was arranged for October, 1822,
at Verona. Here the affairs of Greece, Italy, and in particular Spain
came up for consideration. At this congress all five powers of the
alliance were represented. France was especially concerned about the
condition of affairs in Spain, and England sent Wellington out of
self-defense. The Congress of Verona was devoted largely to a
discussion of Spanish affairs. Wellington had been instructed to use
all his influence against the adoption of measures of intervention in
Spain. When he found that the other powers were bent upon this step
and that his protest would be unheeded, he withdrew from the congress.
The four remai