reserves, a wholly
insignificant number compared to the millions that formed the army of
Germany and gave a military color to the whole life and thought of the
nation.

Not only are our political ideals the same, but in general our attitude
toward world politics is the same, and most people are surprised when
they are told that our fundamental foreign policies are identical. The
two most characteristic American foreign policies, the Monroe Doctrine
and the Open Door, were both, as we have seen, Anglo-American in origin.

VII

IMPERIALISTIC TENDENCIES OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE

In its original form the Monroe Doctrine was a direct defiance of
Europe, and it has never been favorably regarded by the nations of the
old world. Latterly, however, it has encountered adverse criticism in
some of the Latin-American states whose independence it helped to
secure and whose freedom from European control it has been instrumental
in maintaining. The Latin-American attacks on the Doctrine during the
last few years have been reflected to a greater or less extent by
writers in this country, particularly in academic circles. The
American writer who has become most conspicuous in this connection is
Professor Bingham of Yale, who has travelled extensively in South
America and who published in 1913 a little volume entitled "The Monroe
Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth." The reasons why the Monroe Doctrine
has called forth so much criticism during the last few years are not
far to seek. The rapid advance of the United States in the Caribbean
Sea since 1898 has naturally aroused the apprehensions of the feebler
Latin-American states in that region, while the building of the Panama
Canal has rendered inevitable the adoption of a policy of naval
supremacy in the Caribbean and has led to the formulation of new
political policies in the zone of the Caribbean--what Admiral Chester
calls the larger Panama Canal Zone--that is, the West Indies, Mexico
and Central America, Colombia and Venezuela. Some of these policies,
which have already been formulated to a far greater extent than is
generally realized, are the establishment of protectorates, the
supervision of finances, the control of all available canal routes, the
acquisition of coaling stations, and the policing of disorderly
countries.

The long-delayed advance of the United States in the Caribbean Sea
actually began with the Spanish War. Since then we have made rapid
strides.