rn History, X., Chap. 7
(bibliography, pp. 808-811); Lavisse et Rambaud,
Histoire Generale, X., Chap. 6; Clarke, Modern
Spain, Chaps. 2-4, and Hume, Modern Spain,
1788-1898, Chaps. 5-6. Extended works which touch
upon the constitutional aspects of the period
include: H. Gmelin, Studien zur Spanischen
Verfassungsgeschichte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts
(Stuttgart, 1905); G. Diercks, Geschichte Spaniens
(Berlin, 1895); A. Borrego, Historia de las Cortes
de Espana durante el siglo XIX. (Madrid, 1885); and
M. Calvo y Martin, Regimem parlamentario de Espana
en el siglo XIX. (Madrid, 1883). A valuable essay
is P. Bancada, El sentido social de la revolucion
de 1820, in _Revista Contemporanea_ (August,
1903).]

II. POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 1833-1876

*670. Maria Christina and the Estatuto Real of 1834.*--Ferdinand VII.
died September 29, 1833, leaving no son. Regularly since the
establishment of the Bourbon dynasty the succession in Spain had been
governed by the principle of the Salic Law, imported originally from
France. But, to the end that the inheritance might fall to a daughter
rather than to his brother, Don Carlos, Ferdinand had promulgated, in
1830, a Pragmatic Sanction whereby the Salic principle was set aside.
Don Carlos and his supporters refused absolutely to admit the validity
of this act, but Ferdinand was succeeded by his three-year-old
daughter, Isabella, and the government was placed in the hands of the
queen-mother, Maria Christina of Naples, as regent.[839] Her
administration of affairs lasted until 1840. From the constitutional
point of view the period was important solely because, under stress of
circumstances, the regent was driven to adopt a distinctly liberal
policy, and, in time, to promulgate a new constitutional instrument.
Don Carlos, supported by the nobility, the clergy, and other
reactionary elements, kept up a guerilla war by which the tenure of
the "Christinos" was endangered continuously. The regent was herself a
thoroughgoing absolutist, but her sole hope lay in the support of (p. 607)
the liberals, and to retain that it was necessary for her to make
large concessions. The upshot was that in