ater to Sumatra,
where in the old Samutra the graves of their descendants have been
lately discovered. (M. J. de G.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Throughout this article, well-known names of persons and places
appear in their most familiar forms, generally without accents or
other diacritical signs. For the sake of homogeneity the articles on
these persons or places are also given under these forms, but in such
cases, the exact forms, according to the system of transliteration
adopted, are there given in addition.

[2] See Noldeke, _Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten Araber_
(1864), pp. 89 seq.

[3] De Goeje, _Memoires d'hist. et de geog. orient._ No. 2 (2nd ed.,
Leiden, 1864); Noldeke, _D.M.Z._, 1875, p. 76 sqq.; Baladhuri 137.

[4] The accounts differ; see Baladhuri 305. The chronology of the
conquests is in many points uncertain.

[5] Baladhuri 315 sq.; Tabari. i. 1068.

[6] He sought to make the whole nation a great host of God; the Arabs
were to be soldiers and nothing else. They were forbidden to acquire
landed estates in the conquered countries; all land was either made
state property or was restored to the old owners subject to a
perpetual tribute which provided pay on a splendid scale for the
army.

[7] Noldeke, _Tabari_, 246. To Omar is due also the establishment of
the Era of the Flight (Hegira).

[8] Even in the list of the slain at the battle of Honain the
Emigrants are enumerated along with the Meccans and Koreish, and
distinguished from the men of Medina.

[9] It was the same opposition of the spiritual to the secular
nobility that afterwards showed itself in the revolt of the sacred
cities against the Omayyads. The movement triumphed with the
elevation of the Abbasids to the throne. But, that the spiritual
nobility was fighting not for principle but for personal advantage
was as apparent in Ali's hostilities against Zobair and Talha, as in
that of the Abbasids against the followers af Ali.

[10] Or, at least, so they thought. The history of the letter to
'Abdallah b. abi Sarh seems to have been a trick played on the
caliph, who suspected Ali of having had a hand in it.

[11] Ma'ad is in the genealogical system the father of the Modar and
the Rab'ia tribes. Qais is the principal branch of the Modar.

[12] The Arabs always call them Rum, i.e. Romans.

[13] A single