Durham, killed
under the reign of Hisham for heretical opinions, had followers in
Mesopotamia, and that, when Merwan became caliph, the Khorasanians
called him a Ja'd, pretending that all'Ja'd had been his teacher. As
to al-Himar this was substituted also by the Khorasanians for his
usual title, al-Faras, "the race-horse."

[27] The Arabic word for "shedder of blood," _as-Saffah_, which by
that speech became a name of the caliph, designates the liberal host
who slaughters his camels for his guests. European scholars have
taken it unjustly in the sense of the bloodthirsty, and found in it
an allusion to the slaughter of the Omayyads and many others. At the
same time, it was not without much bloodshed that Abu'l-Abbas finally
established his power.

[28] The rule of the caliphs in Morocco, which had never been firmly
established, had already, in 740, given place to that of independent
princes (see MOROCCO, _History_).

[29] This Hashimiya near Kufa is not to be confused with that founded
by Abu'l-Abbas near Anbar.

[30] Cf. G. le Strange, _Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate_
(Oxford, 1900).

[31] Tabari iii. p. 443 seq.

[32] The first citizens of Medina who embraced Islam were called
Ansar ("helpers").

[33] On this event, see a remarkable essay by Barbier de Meynard in
the _Journal Asiatique_ for March-April, 1869.

[34] Cf. W.M. Patton, _Ahmed ibn Hanbal and the Mihna_ (Leiden,
1897); and article MAHOMMEDAN RELIGION.

[35] See M.J. de Goeje, _Memoire sur les migrations des Ziganes
travers l'Asie_ (Leiden, 1903); also GIPSIES.

[36] See M.J. de Goeje, "De legende der Zevenslapers van Efeze,"
_Versl. en Meded. der K. Akad. v. Wetensch. Afd. Letterk._ 4^e Reeks,
iii., 1900.

[37] See M.J. de Goeje, "De muur van Gog en Magog," _Versl. en
Meded._ 3^e Reeks, v., 1888.

[38] "Dinars" in the text of Tabari iii. 1685, must be an error for
"dirhems."

[39] This Bogha was called al-Kabir, or major; the ally of Wasif, a
man of much inferior consideration, al-Saghir, or minor.

[40] See Noldeke, _Orientalische Skizzen_, pp. 155 seq.

[41] For the connexion between Carmathians and Fatimites see under
FATIMITES.

[42] M.J. de Goeje, _Memoire sur les Carmathes du Bahrain et les
Fatimides_ (Leiden, 1886).

[43] See Defremery, _Memoire sur les Emirs al-Omara_ (Paris, 1848).