th in the year 421 (A.D. 1030).

In 389 (A.D. 999) Ilek-khan, the prince of Turkistan, took Bokhara and
made an end to the glorious state of the Samanids, the last prince of
which was murdered in 395 (A.D. 1005). The Samanids had long been a
rampart of the Caliphate against the Turks, whom they held under firm
control. From their fall dates the invasion of the empire by that
people. The greatest gainer for the moment was Mahmud of Ghazni. In
Mesopotamia and Irak several petty states arose on the ruins of the
dominions of the Hamdanids and of the Abbasids.

Qadir died in the last month of A.H. 422 (November 1031). He is the
author of some theological treatises.

26. _Reign of Qaim_.--He was succeeded by his son, who at his accession
took the title of _al-Qaim bi-amri'llah_ ("he who maintains the cause of
God"). During the first half of his long reign took place the
development of the power of the Ghuzz, a great Turkish tribe, who took
the name Seljuk from Seljuk their chief in Transoxiana. Already during
the reign of Mahmud large bodies had passed the Oxus and spread over
Khorasan and the adjacent countries. In the time of his successor the
bulk of the tribe followed, and in the year 429 (A.D. 1038) Toghrul Beg,
their chief, beat the army of the Ghaznevids and made his entry into
Nishapur. Thenceforth this progress was rapid (see SELJUKS). The
situation in Bagdad had become so desperate that the caliph called
Toghrul to his aid. This prince entered Bagdad in the month of Ramadan
A.H. 447 (December 1055), and overthrew finally the dynasty of the
Buyids.[44] In 449 (A.D. 1058) the caliph gave him the title of "King of
the East and West." But in the following year, 450, during his absence,
the Shi'ites made themselves masters of the metropolis, and proclaimed
the Caliphate of the Fatimite prince Mostansir. They were soon
overthrown by Toghrul, who was now supreme, and compelled the caliph to
give him his daughter in marriage. Before the marriage, however, he
died, and was succeeded by his nephew Alp Arslan, who died in 465 (25th
December) (A.D. 1072). Qaim died two years later, Shaaban A.H. 467
(April 1075).

In the year 440 Mo'izz b. Badis, the Zeirid ruler of the Maghrib, made
himself independent, and substituted in prayer the name of the Abbasid
caliph for that of Mostansir. In order to punish him, the latter gave
permission to the Arab tribes in Egypt to cross the Nile, and granted
them possession of all the lands t