insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant
of the Verb Stem; as, fundo (Stem fud-), rumpo (Stem rup-).

4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,--

cern-o pell-o (for pel-no).

5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,--

flect-o.

6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,--

cresc-o. scisc-o.

7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the
Verb Stem with i; as,--

gi-gn-o (root gen-), si-st-o (root sta-).

Formation of the Perfect Stem.

118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem--

1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,--

amav-i, delev-i, audiv-i.

2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,--

strepu-i, genu-i, alu-i.

3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,--

carp-o, Perfect carps-i.
scrib-o, " scrips-i (for scrib-si).
rid-eo, " ris-i (for rid-si).
sent-io, " sens-i (for sent-si).
dic-o, " dix-i (i.e. dic-si).

a. Note that before the ending -si a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a
Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is
changed to p.

4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:--

a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with
the following vowel or e; as,--

curro, Perfect cu-curri.
posco, " po-posci.
pello, " pe-puli.

NOTE 1.--Compounds, with the exception of do, sto, sisto, disco, posco,
omit the reduplication. Thus: com-puli, but re-poposci.

NOTE 2.--Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the
reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeo, spo-pondi; sto,
steti.

b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, lego, legi; ago,
egi. Note that a by this process becomes e.

c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, verto, verti; minuo,
minui.

Formation of the Participial Stem.

119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is
derived by dropping -us, is formed:--

1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb
Stem); as,--

ama-re, Participle ama-tus.
dele-re, " dele-tus,
audi-re, " audi-tus,
leg-ere, " lec-tus,
scrib-ere, " scrip-tus,
senti-re, " sen-sus (f