135

PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS

VII. THE FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION 139
The Promise and the Difficulties of America 139
The Calling of a Constitutional Convention 143
The Framing of the Constitution 146
The Struggle over Ratification 157

VIII. THE CLASH OF POLITICAL PARTIES 162
The Men and Measures of the New Government 162
The Rise of Political Parties 168
Foreign Influences and Domestic Politics 171

IX. THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS IN POWER 186
Republican Principles and Policies 186
The Republicans and the Great West 188
The Republican War for Commercial Independence 193
The Republicans Nationalized 201
The National Decisions of Chief Justice Marshall 208
Summary of Union and National Politics 212

PART IV. THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

X. THE FARMERS BEYOND THE APPALACHIANS 217
Preparation for Western Settlement 217
The Western Migration and New States 221
The Spirit of the Frontier 228
The West and the East Meet 230

XI. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 238
The Democratic Movement in the East 238
The New Democracy Enters the Arena 244
The New Democracy at Washington 250
The Rise of the Whigs 260
The Interaction of American and European Opinion 265

XII. THE MIDDLE BORDER AND THE GREAT WEST 271
The Advance of the Middle Border 271
On to the Pacific--Texas and the Mexican War 276
The Pacific Coast and Utah 284
Summary of Western Development and National Politics 292

PART V. SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION