high. Central New Jersey, southern Ohio and southward, and cultivated
successfully as far north as New York City.

GENUS =90. FAGUS.=

Trees with alternate, strongly straight-veined, almost entire to deeply
pinnatifid leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, appearing with the leaves.
Fruit a prickly bur, inclosing 2 triangular, sharp-ridged nuts, the bur
hanging on the trees during the greater part of the winter. Leaf-buds
very elongated, slender, sharp-pointed.

* The straight veins all ending in the teeth; native 1.

* Margin varying from entire to deeply pinnatifid, the straight
veins occasionally ending in the notches 2.

[Illustration: F. ferruginea.]

1. =Fagus ferruginea=, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Leaves thin, oblong-ovate,
taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and
midrib ciliate with soft silky hairs when young, soon almost naked. The
very straight veins run into the teeth. Prickles of the fruit mostly
recurved or spreading. Large tree, 60 to 100 ft. high, with
grayish-white, very smooth bark, and firm, light-colored, close-grained
wood. Wild throughout, and frequently cultivated.

[Illustration: F. sylvatica.]

2. =Fagus sylvatica=, L. (EUROPEAN BEECH.) Leaves often similar to those
of the American Beech, but usually shorter and broader; the border,
often nearly entire, is wavy in some varieties, and in others deeply
pinnatifid. The bark in most varieties is darker than in the American.
This Beech, with its numerous varieties, is the one usually cultivated.
Among the most useful varieties are _atropurpurea_ (Purple Beech), with
the darkest foliage of any deciduous tree, and almost entire-margined
leaves; _laciniata_ (Cut-leaved Beech), with very deeply cut leaves; and
_argentea variegata_ (Silver Variegated Beech), having in the spring
quite distinctly variegated leaves.

ORDER =XL. SALICACEAE.= (WILLOW FAMILY.)

A small order of soft-wooded trees and shrubs, abundantly distributed in
the northern temperate and frigid zones.

GENUS =91. SALIX.=

Soft-wooded trees or shrubs growing in damp places, with alternate,
usually quite elongated, pointed, deciduous leaves, without lobes.
Stipules often large, leaf-like, and more or less persistent through the
summer; sometimes scale-like and dropping early. The stipules are always
free from the leafstalk and attached to the twig at small spots just
below the leafstalk. Even if the stipule