few of them grow tall enough to be
considered trees.

Var. _Hibernica_ (Irish Juniper) grows erect like a column. Var.
_Alpina_ is a low creeping plant. Var. _hemispherica_ is almost like a
half-sphere lying on the ground.

[Illustration: J. Virginiana.]

2. =Juniperus Virginiana=, L. (RED CEDAR.) Leaves very small and
numerous, scale-like on the older branches, but awl-shaped and somewhat
spreading on the young shoots; dark green. Fruit small, 1/5 in.,
abundant on the pistillate plants, dark purple and covered with fine,
glaucous bloom. Trees from 20 to 80 ft. high (sometimes only shrubs),
with mostly horizontal branches, thin, scaling bark, dense habit of
growth, and dark foliage. Wood light, fine-grained, durable; the
heart-wood of a handsome dark red color. Wild throughout; several
varieties are found in cultivation. Many other species from China,
Japan, California, etc., are occasionally cultivated, but few are large
enough to be called trees, and those that are large enough are not of
sufficient importance to need specific notice.

GENUS =107. TAXUS.=

Leaves evergreen, flat, linear, mucronate, rigid, scattered, appearing
more or less 2-ranked. Fertile flowers and the fruit solitary; the
fruit, a nut-like seed in a cup-shaped, fleshy portion formed from a
disk; red.

[Illustration: T. baccata.]

=Taxus baccata=, L. (COMMON EUROPEAN YEW.) Leaves evergreen, 2-ranked,
crowded, linear, flat, curved, acute. Fruit a nut-like seed within a cup
1/3 in. in diameter; red when ripe in the autumn. As this species is
somewhat dioecious, a portion of the plants will be without fruit. A
widely spreading shrub rather than a tree, extensively cultivated under
nearly a score of named varieties. We have a closely related wild
species, =Taxus Canadensis= (THE GROUND-HEMLOCK), which is merely a low
straggling bush.

GENUS =1O7a. TORREYA.=

[Illustration: T. taxifolia.]

The Torreyas are much like the Yews, but their leaves have two
longitudinal lines, and a remarkably disagreeable odor when burned or
bruised. =Torreya taxifolia=, Arn., from Florida, and =Torreya
Californica=, Torr., from California, have been often planted. They form
small trees, but probably cannot be grown successfully in the region.
The figure shows a twig of T. taxifolia.

GENUS =1O7b. CEPHALOTAXUS.=

[Illustration: C. Fortunii.]

=Cephalotaxus Fortunii=, Hook., does not form a tree in this section,
but a wide-spreading bush growing someti